CSIRO Plant Industry, Waite Campus, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia.
Plant Sci. 2013 Jun;207:158-67. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.02.014. Epub 2013 Mar 5.
Farmers lack effective methods to achieve and maintain stable production from year to year in many commercial fruit crops. Annual fruit yield within a region often alternates between high and low fruit load and is termed alternate bearing. The underlying cause of alternate bearing is the negative impact of high fruit load on vegetative growth and next year's flowering. In this review, we emphasize common responses of diverse perennials to heavy crop load. We present botanical, ecological and horticultural perspectives on irregular bearing. The later part of this review focuses on understanding how high fruit load dominates over vegetative growth. We discuss sink strengths and putative mobile signals (hormones), perhaps seed-derived. We highlight gaps in current understanding of alternate bearing, and discuss new approaches to better understand fruit load dominance. Assuming the effect of high fruit load may be related to other mechanisms of sink partitioning, other forms of dominance are presented such as apical, first fruit and king fruit dominance. Dominance seems to be enforced, in independent cases through the establishment of a polar auxin transport system from the stronger sink. Once established this somehow perturbs the transport of auxin out of weaker sinks. Possibly, fruit derived auxin may alter the polar auxin transport system of the shoot to inhibit shoot growth.
农民在许多商业水果作物中缺乏实现和保持稳定连年生产的有效方法。一个地区的年水果产量经常在高和低水果负载之间交替，这种现象被称为隔年结果。隔年结果的根本原因是高水果负载对营养生长和次年开花的负面影响。在这篇综述中，我们强调了不同多年生植物对重果负载的常见反应。我们从植物学、生态学和园艺学的角度介绍了不规则结实的问题。本综述的后半部分重点讨论了如何理解高水果负载对营养生长的主导作用。我们讨论了汇的强度和可能的移动信号（激素），可能来自种子。我们强调了当前对隔年结果理解的差距，并讨论了新的方法来更好地理解果实负载的主导作用。假设高水果负载的影响可能与其他汇分配机制有关，本文还介绍了其他形式的主导作用，如顶端、第一果和王果主导作用。在独立的情况下，主导作用似乎是通过从较强的汇中建立一个极性生长素运输系统来实现的。一旦建立起来，它就会以某种方式扰乱较弱汇中生长素的运输。可能是果实产生的生长素改变了芽的极性生长素运输系统，从而抑制了芽的生长。
