Brown Steven A, Azzi Abdelhalim
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 190 Winterthurerstrasse, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2013(217):45-66. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-25950-0_3.
Although circadian rhythms in mammalian physiology and behavior are dependent upon a biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, the molecular mechanism of this clock is in fact cell autonomous and conserved in nearly all cells of the body. Thus, the SCN serves in part as a "master clock," synchronizing "slave" clocks in peripheral tissues, and in part directly orchestrates circadian physiology. In this chapter, we first consider the detailed mechanism of peripheral clocks as compared to clocks in the SCN and how mechanistic differences facilitate their functions. Next, we discuss the different mechanisms by which peripheral tissues can be entrained to the SCN and to the environment. Finally, we look directly at how peripheral oscillators control circadian physiology in cells and tissues.
尽管哺乳动物生理和行为中的昼夜节律依赖于下丘脑视交叉上核（SCN）中的生物钟，但该生物钟的分子机制实际上是细胞自主的，并且在身体几乎所有细胞中都是保守的。因此，SCN部分充当“主时钟”，使外周组织中的“从时钟”同步，部分直接协调昼夜生理。在本章中，我们首先比较外周时钟与SCN时钟的详细机制，以及机制差异如何促进它们的功能。接下来，我们讨论外周组织被SCN和环境同步的不同机制。最后，我们直接探讨外周振荡器如何控制细胞和组织中的昼夜生理。
