Institute of Gerontology, and the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013 Nov;37(9 Pt B):2258-67. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.006. Epub 2013 Apr 25.
Human memory is not a unitary entity; rather it is thought to arise out of a complex architecture involving interactions between distinct representational systems that specialize in perceptual, semantic, and episodic representations. Neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence are combined in support of models of memory systems, however most models only capture a 'mature' state of human memory and there is little attempt to incorporate evidence of the contribution of developmental and senescence changes in various processes involved in memory across the lifespan. Here we review behavioral and neuroimaging evidence for changes in memory functioning across the lifespan and propose specific principles that may be used to extend models of human memory across the lifespan. In contrast to a simplistic reduced version of the adult model, we suggest that the architecture and dynamics of memory systems become gradually differentiated during development and that a dynamic shift toward favoring semantic memory occurs during aging. Characterizing transformations in memory systems across the lifespan can illustrate and inform us about the plasticity of human memory systems.
人类记忆并非单一实体，而是由不同的表现系统之间的相互作用所产生的复杂架构，这些系统分别专长于感知、语义和情景记忆。神经心理学和神经影像学的证据相结合，支持记忆系统的模型，但大多数模型仅捕捉到人类记忆的“成熟”状态，很少尝试纳入在生命过程中参与记忆的各种过程中发展和衰老变化的证据。在这里，我们回顾了整个生命周期中记忆功能变化的行为和神经影像学证据，并提出了一些可能用于将人类记忆模型扩展到整个生命周期的具体原则。与成人模型的简单简化版本相反，我们认为，记忆系统的架构和动态在发展过程中逐渐分化，并且在衰老过程中，向语义记忆的动态转变发生。描述整个生命周期中记忆系统的转变可以说明和告知我们人类记忆系统的可塑性。
