Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013 Jul;1293:8-17. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12107. Epub 2013 May 6.
Few invasion biologists consider the long-term evolutionary context of an invading organism and its invaded ecosystem. Here, I consider patterns of plant invasions across Eastern North America, Europe, and East/Far East Asia, and explore whether biases in exchanges of plants from each region reflect major selection pressures present within each region since the late Miocene, during which temperate Northern Hemisphere floras diverged taxonomically and ecologically. Although there are many exceptions, the European flora appears enriched in species well adapted to frequent, intense disturbances such as cultivation and grazing; the North American composite (Asteraceae) flora appears particularly well adapted to nutrient-rich meadows and forest openings; and the East Asian flora is enriched in shade-tolerant trees, shrubs, and vines of high forest-invasive potential. I argue that such directionality in invasions across different habitat types supports the notion that some species are preadapted to become invasive as a result of differences in historical selection pressures between regions.
很少有入侵生物学家考虑入侵生物及其入侵生态系统的长期进化背景。在这里，我考虑了北美东部、欧洲和东亚/远东的植物入侵模式，并探讨了每个地区之间植物交流的偏见是否反映了每个地区自上新世以来的主要选择压力，在这个时期，温带北半球的植物区系在分类学和生态学上发生了分歧。尽管存在许多例外，但欧洲植物区系中似乎富含适应频繁、强烈干扰的物种，如耕作和放牧；北美复合（菊科）植物区系似乎特别适应营养丰富的草地和森林空地；东亚植物区系则富含耐荫的树木、灌木和高森林入侵潜力的藤本植物。我认为，不同生境类型的这种入侵方向性支持了这样一种观点，即由于地区间历史选择压力的差异，某些物种可能预先适应成为入侵物种。
