Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého 1-3, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
J Appl Genet. 2013 Aug;54(3):285-92. doi: 10.1007/s13353-013-0151-3. Epub 2013 May 7.
The Old Kladruber horses arose in the 17th century as a breed used for ceremonial purposes. Currently, grey and black coat colour varieties exist as two sub-populations with different recent breeding history. As the population underwent historical bottlenecks and intensive inbreeding, loss of genetic variation is considered as the major threat. Therefore, genetic diversity in neutral and non-neutral molecular markers was examined in the current nucleus population. Fifty microsatellites, 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in immunity-related genes, three mutations in coat colour genes and one major histocompatibility (MHC-DRA) gene were studied for assessing genetic diversity after 15 years of conservation. The results were compared to values obtained in a similar study 13 years ago. The extent of genetic diversity of the current population was comparable to other breeds, despite its small size and isolation. The comparison between 1997 and 2010 did not show differences in the extent of genetic diversity and no loss of allele richness and/or heterozygosity was observed. Genetic differences identified between the black and grey sub-populations observed 13 years ago persisted. Deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium found in 19 microsatellite loci and in five SNP loci are probably due to selective breeding. No differences between neutral and immunity-related markers were found. No changes in the frequencies of markers associated with two diseases, melanoma and insect bite hypersensitivity, were observed, due probably to the short interval of time between comparisons. It, thus, seems that, despite its small size, previous bottlenecks and inbreeding, the molecular variation of Old Kladruber horses is comparable to other horse breeds and that the current breeding policy does not compromise genetic variation of this endangered population.
老库德兰马起源于 17 世纪，是一种用于礼仪目的的品种。目前，灰色和黑色毛色品种存在两个亚种群，其最近的繁殖历史不同。由于该种群经历了历史瓶颈和密集的近亲繁殖，遗传变异的丧失被认为是主要威胁。因此，在当前核心种群中检查了中性和非中性分子标记的遗传多样性。研究了 50 个微卫星、13 个与免疫相关基因的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）、3 个毛色基因的突变和一个主要组织相容性（MHC-DRA）基因，以评估 15 年保护后的遗传多样性。将结果与 13 年前进行的类似研究中获得的值进行了比较。尽管规模较小且隔离，但当前种群的遗传多样性程度与其他品种相当。1997 年和 2010 年之间的比较并未显示遗传多样性程度的差异，也没有观察到等位基因丰富度和/或杂合性的丧失。13 年前观察到的黑色和灰色亚种群之间的遗传差异仍然存在。在 19 个微卫星位点和 5 个 SNP 位点发现的偏离 Hardy-Weinberg 平衡可能是由于选择性繁殖。在中性和免疫相关标记物之间未发现差异。由于比较之间的时间间隔短，与两种疾病（黑色素瘤和昆虫叮咬过敏）相关的标记物的频率没有变化。因此，尽管规模较小，以前存在瓶颈和近亲繁殖，但老库德兰马的分子变异与其他马品种相当，并且当前的繁殖政策不会损害这种濒危种群的遗传变异。
