Aberrant expression of Igf2/H19 in porcine parthenogenetic fetuses and placentas.

The aberrant expression of imprinted genes induces parthenogenetic fetal and placental dysplasia, thus leading to failures in embryonic development. Igf2 and H19 are co-expressed in endoderm and mesoderm-derived tissues and play an important role in normal embryo and extraembryonic development. In this study, the expression and methylation of Igf2/H19 in porcine parthenogenetic fetuses and placentas which had grown 28 days was examined first time to further characterize mammalian parthenogenesis. Weight and morphological comparisons were conducted between parthenogenetic embryos on Day 28 and normal fertilized embryos (control). The results indicated that parthenogenetic fetuses and placentas had smaller weights and volumes than those of the control. In addition, quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was performed to determine Igf2/H19 expression levels, showing that the expression of H19 was up-regulated, while Igf2 expression was almost undetectable in both parthenogenetic fetuses and placentas. As a potential mechanism underlying this disrupted expression, the methylation of Igf2/H19 DMR3 was detected using bisulfite sequencing PCR analysis, which revealed the significant hypomethylation of DMR3 in parthenogenetic fetuses and placentas. These results suggest that disruption of Igf2/H19 expression in parthenogenetic fetuses and placentas contributes to implantation failure and/or abortion in swine parthenogenesis, which might be associated with differential methylation patterns in the imprinting control region of imprinted genes.