Department of Geosciences, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, Edinboro, PA, USA.
Adv Mar Biol. 2013;64:1-25. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-410466-2.00001-7.
This chapter presents and explains the position of Nephrops norvegicus in the classification of lobsters. Covered, in order, are systematic classification of Nephrops, taxonomic history of Nephrops, and analysis of Nephrops in nephropid phylogeny. The genus Nephrops was erected by Leach in 1814 and has a long and interesting taxonomic history. Prior to 1972, Nephrops was known by 14 Recent species. All but one of these, N. norvegicus, were removed to a new genus, Metanephrops, by Jenkins (1972). Today, N. norvegicus is still the only known living representative of the genus. Similarly, Nephrops is known by only one fossil species, the Miocene Nephrops kvistgaardae, although several other fossil species have been previously referred to this genus. Nephrops, along with the other familiar and commercially important marine clawed lobsters, is referred to Family Nephropidae, one of 17 marine clawed lobster families arrayed in 3 infraorders, 6 families each in the Astacidea and Glypheidea and 5 in the Polychelida. Infraorder Astacidea includes the Superfamily Nephropoidea, as well as the lesser known 'reef lobsters' of the Superfamily Enoplometopoidea, and the freshwater crayfish, Superfamily Astacoidea. In phylogenetic analyses, the freshwater crayfish form a sister group to the Nephropoidea. It is interpreted that freshwater crayfish evolved from nephropoid lobsters, but from which lobster group is uncertain. The taxonomic placement of N. norvegicus is stable at all levels, from species on up. Despite that, the phylogenetic relationships of Nephrops to other nephropid genera are unsettled due to conflicting results in morphological and molecular analyses. Currently, new morphological characters and new genes are being analysed in the hope of elucidating nephropid phylogeny.
这一章介绍并解释了挪威海蜇虾在龙虾分类中的地位。涵盖了挪威海蜇虾的系统分类、挪威海蜇虾的分类历史以及挪威海蜇虾在龙虾系统发育中的分析。挪威海蜇虾属由 Leach 于 1814 年建立，具有悠久而有趣的分类历史。1972 年之前，已知有 14 种现代挪威海蜇虾。除了一种，即挪威海蜇虾，都被 Jenkins（1972 年）移到了一个新属，即 Metanephrops。今天，挪威海蜇虾仍然是该属唯一已知的活体代表。同样，挪威海蜇虾只知道有一种化石种，即中新世的 Nephrops kvistgaardae，尽管以前曾有其他几种化石种被归入该属。挪威海蜇虾与其他常见的商业上重要的海洋螯龙虾一起，被归入龙虾科，该科有 17 个海洋螯龙虾科，分为 3 个亚目，6 个科在 Astacidea 和 Glypheidea，5 个科在 Polychelida。Astacidea 亚目包括 Nephropoidea 超科，以及不太知名的 Enoplometopoidea 超科的“礁龙虾”和淡水小龙虾，超科 Astacoidea。在系统发育分析中，淡水小龙虾与 Nephropoidea 形成姐妹群。据推断，淡水小龙虾是从螯龙虾进化而来的，但来自哪个龙虾群尚不确定。挪威海蜇虾的分类地位在所有级别上都是稳定的，从物种到更高的级别。尽管如此，由于形态和分子分析的结果存在冲突，挪威海蜇虾与其他螯龙虾属的系统发育关系仍未确定。目前，正在分析新的形态特征和新的基因，以期阐明螯龙虾的系统发育。
