State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2013 Sep;68(3):502-15. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.023. Epub 2013 May 10.
Cayratia consists of ca. 60 species primarily distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Australia, and Africa. It is an excellent candidate for exploring the evolution of intercontinental disjunct distributions in the Old World. Previous phylogenetic work of Vitaceae with a few species of Cayratia sampled showed that Cayratia was not monophyletic and was closely related to Cyphostemma and Tetrastigma. We herein expanded taxon sampling of Cayratia (25/60 species) with its allied genera Cyphostemma (39/150 species), Tetrastigma (27/95 species), and other related genera from Vitaceae represented, employing five plastid markers (atpB-rbcL, rps16, trnC-petN, trnH-psbA, and trnL-F), to investigate the phylogeny, character evolution and biogeography of Cayratia. The phylogenetic analyses have confirmed the monophyly of the Cayratia-Cyphostemma-Tetrastigma (CCT) clade and resolved Cayratia into three lineages: the African Cayratia clade, subg. Cayratia, and subg. Discypharia. The African Cayratia was supported as the first diverging lineage within the CCT clade and Tetrastigma is resolved as sister to subg. Discypharia. Character optimizations suggest that the presence/absence of a membrane enclosing the ventral infolds in seeds is an important character for the taxonomy of Cayratia. The presence of bracts on the lower part of the inflorescence axis is inferred to have arisen only once in Cayratia, but this character evolved several times in Tetrastigma. Both the branching pattern of tendrils and the leaf architecture are suggested as important infrageneric characters, but should be used cautiously because some states evolved multiple times. Ancestral area reconstruction and molecular dating suggest that the CCT clade originated from continental Africa in the late Cretaceous, and it then reached Asia twice independently in the late Cretaceous and late Oligocene, respectively. Several dispersals are inferred from Asia to Australia since the Eocene.
乌蔹莓属约有60个物种，主要分布在亚洲、澳大利亚和非洲的热带和亚热带地区。它是探索旧世界洲际间断分布演化的极佳候选对象。先前对葡萄科的系统发育研究仅采样了少数几种乌蔹莓属植物，结果表明乌蔹莓属并非单系类群，且与葡萄瓮属和崖爬藤属关系密切。我们在此扩大了乌蔹莓属（60种中的25种）及其近缘属葡萄瓮属（150种中的39种）、崖爬藤属（95种中的27种）以及葡萄科其他相关属的分类群采样，采用五个质体标记（atpB-rbcL、rps16、trnC-petN、trnH-psbA和trnL-F）来研究乌蔹莓属的系统发育、性状演化和生物地理学。系统发育分析证实了乌蔹莓属-葡萄瓮属-崖爬藤属（CCT）分支的单系性，并将乌蔹莓属分为三个谱系：非洲乌蔹莓谱系、乌蔹莓亚属和双棱乌蔹莓亚属。非洲乌蔹莓谱系被支持为CCT分支内最早分化的谱系，而崖爬藤属被解析为双棱乌蔹莓亚属的姐妹群。性状优化表明，种子腹面褶皱是否有膜包裹是乌蔹莓属分类的一个重要性状。推断花序轴下部苞片的存在在乌蔹莓属中仅出现过一次，但该性状在崖爬藤属中多次演化。卷须的分枝模式和叶片结构均被认为是重要的属下性状，但使用时应谨慎，因为有些状态多次演化。祖先区域重建和分子定年表明，CCT分支起源于晚白垩世的非洲大陆，然后在晚白垩世和晚渐新世分别两次独立到达亚洲。自始新世以来，推断有几次从亚洲扩散到澳大利亚。
