Atrial fibrillation in heart failure: drug therapies for rate and rhythm control.

Pharmacological treatment of atrial fibrillation in the context of heart failure poses numerous challenges. Management decisions are limited by contraindications to several drugs and the paucity of robust clinical trials that provide evidence-based guidance. This review proposes a structured action plan for managing atrial fibrillation coexisting with heart failure that considers published clinical guidelines and integrates recent data derived from substudies of randomized trials, including the atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure (AF-CHF) trial. Areas of uncertainty, such as target heart rates in atrial fibrillation and upstream therapies, are also discussed.