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儿童的利益与男性婴儿割礼可允许性的案例。

The child's interests and the case for the permissibility of male infant circumcision.

机构信息

Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method, London School of Economics, Lakatos Building, WC2A 2AE London, UK.

出版信息

J Med Ethics. 2013 Jul;39(7):421-8. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2013-101318. Epub 2013 May 22.

Abstract

Circumcision of a male child was recently ruled illegal by a court in Germany on the grounds that it violates the child's rights to bodily integrity and self-determination. This paper begins by challenging the applicability of these rights to the circumcision debate. It argues that, rather than a sweeping appeal to rights, a moral analysis of the practice of circumcision will require a careful examination of the interests of the child. I consider three of these interests in some detail. The first is the interest in avoiding a moderate decrease in expected future sexual pleasure. I argue that even if such a decrease were to occur, it is not wholly unreasonable to think that this might actually be a good thing for the child. Second, I consider the interest in self-determination. I argue that this interest is not as strong as it might appear because the adult's circumcision decision is subject to a variety of biases and a significant lack of information. Finally, I consider the child's interest in avoiding the future costs of adult circumcision. I argue that this interest becomes much stronger in the religious case because the child is quite likely to choose to become circumcised as an adult. The likelihood of the child choosing circumcision in the religious case also reduces the extent to which infant circumcision violates his interest in self-determination. I conclude that male infant circumcision falls within the prerogative of parental decision-making in the secular case and even more clearly so in the religious case. Finally, I distinguish male circumcision from female genital cutting in several important respects and argue that we can coherently hold that male circumcision is permissible without also endorsing all forms of female genital cutting.

摘要

最近,德国一家法院裁定对男婴进行割礼是非法的,理由是这侵犯了儿童的身体完整性和自决权。本文首先质疑这些权利在割礼辩论中的适用性。它认为,对割礼行为的道德分析不应一概而论地诉诸权利,而需要仔细审查儿童的利益。我详细考虑了其中的三个利益。第一个是避免适度降低未来性快感的利益。我认为,即使这种减少确实发生,也并非完全不合理地认为,这对孩子来说可能是一件好事。其次,我考虑了自决权的利益。我认为,这种利益并不像看起来那么强烈,因为成人的割礼决定受到各种偏见和严重缺乏信息的影响。最后,我考虑了孩子避免成年割礼未来成本的利益。我认为,在宗教情况下,这种利益变得更加强烈,因为孩子很可能选择成年后接受割礼。在宗教情况下,孩子选择割礼的可能性也降低了割礼侵犯其自决权利益的程度。我得出结论,在世俗情况下,男性婴儿割礼属于父母决策的特权范围,在宗教情况下则更为明显。最后,我在几个重要方面将男性割礼与女性生殖器切割区分开来,并认为我们可以一致认为男性割礼是允许的,而不必同时认可所有形式的女性生殖器切割。

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