Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.
Plant Cell Rep. 2013 Sep;32(9):1477-88. doi: 10.1007/s00299-013-1459-5. Epub 2013 May 23.
Our work suggests that long chain polyamines and their derivatives are potential chemicals to control viral pathogens for crop production. Previously we showed that two tetraamines, spermine (Spm) and thermospermine (T-Spm), induce the expression of a subset of defense-related genes and repress proliferation of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in Arabidopsis. Here we tested whether the longer uncommon polyamines (LUPAs) such as caldopentamine, caldohexamine, homocaldopentamine and homocaldohexamine have such the activity. LUPAs had higher gene induction activity than Spm and T-Spm. Interestingly the genes induced by LUPAs could be classified into two groups: the one group was most responsive to caldohexamine while the other one was most responsive to homocaldopentamine. In both the cases, the inducing activity was dose-dependent. LUPAs caused local cell death and repressed CMV multiplication more efficiently as compared to Spm. LUPAs inhibited the viral multiplication of not only avirulent CMV but also of virulent CMV in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, LUPAs can activate the systemic acquired resistance against CMV more efficiently as compared to Spm. When Arabidopsis leaves were incubated with LUPAs, the putative polyamine oxidase (PAO)-mediated catabolites were detected even though the conversion rate was very low. In addition, we found that LUPAs induced the expression of three NADPH oxidase genes (rbohC, rbohE and rbohH) among ten isoforms. Taken together, we propose that LUPAs activate two alternative reactive oxygen species evoked pathways, a PAO-mediated one and an NADPH-oxidase-mediated one, which lead to induce defense-related genes and restrict CMV multiplication.
我们的工作表明，长链多胺及其衍生物是控制作物生产中病毒病原体的潜在化学物质。之前我们表明，两种四胺，精胺（Spm）和热精胺（T-Spm），诱导防御相关基因的表达，并抑制黄瓜花叶病毒（CMV）在拟南芥中的增殖。在这里，我们测试了较长的不常见多胺（LUPAs），如 Caldopentamine、Caldohexamine、Homocaldopentamine 和 Homocaldohexamine 是否具有这种活性。LUPAs 比 Spm 和 T-Spm 具有更高的基因诱导活性。有趣的是，LUPAs 诱导的基因可以分为两类：一类对 Caldopentamine 最敏感，另一类对 Homocaldopentamine 最敏感。在这两种情况下，诱导活性都是剂量依赖性的。与 Spm 相比，LUPAs 引起局部细胞死亡和更有效地抑制 CMV 增殖。LUPAs 不仅能抑制非毒性 CMV 的复制，而且能以剂量依赖的方式抑制毒性 CMV 的复制。此外，与 Spm 相比，LUPAs 能更有效地激活对 CMV 的系统获得性抗性。当拟南芥叶片用 LUPAs 孵育时，即使转化率非常低，也能检测到假定的多胺氧化酶（PAO）介导的代谢产物。此外，我们发现 LUPAs 诱导了 10 种同工型中三种 NADPH 氧化酶基因（rbohC、rbohE 和 rbohH）的表达。总之，我们提出 LUPAs 激活了两条替代的活性氧物质引发途径，一条是 PAO 介导的途径，另一条是 NADPH 氧化酶介导的途径，这导致了防御相关基因的诱导和 CMV 增殖的限制。
