Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA; Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2013 Oct;9(4):554-9. doi: 10.1002/ieam.1448. Epub 2013 Aug 22.
The risks of 1,4-dioxane (dioxane) concentrations in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, receiving primarily domestic wastewater, to downstream drinking water intakes was estimated using distributions of measured dioxane concentrations in effluents from 40 WWTPs and surface water dilution factors of 1323 drinking water intakes across the United States. Effluent samples were spiked with a d8 -1,4-dioxane internal standard in the field immediately after sample collection. Dioxane was extracted with ENVI-CARB-Plus solid phase columns and analyzed by GC/MS/MS, with a limit of quantification of 0.30 μg/L. Measured dioxane concentrations in domestic wastewater effluents ranged from <0.30 to 3.30 μg/L, with a mean concentration of 1.11 ± 0.60 μg/L. Dilution of upstream inputs of effluent were estimated for US drinking water intakes using the iSTREEM model at mean flow conditions, assuming no in-stream loss of dioxane. Dilution factors ranged from 2.6 to 48 113, with a mean of 875. The distributions of dilution factors and dioxane concentration in effluent were then combined using Monte Carlo analysis to estimate dioxane concentrations at drinking water intakes. This analysis showed the probability was negligible (p = 0.0031) that dioxane inputs from upstream WWTPs could result in intake concentrations exceeding the USEPA drinking water advisory concentration of 0.35 μg/L, before any treatment of the water for drinking use.
采用美国 40 个污水处理厂（WWTP）的污水和 1323 个饮用水进水口的地表水稀释因子测量的污水中 1,4-二恶烷（dioxane）浓度分布，对主要接受生活污水的 WWTP 污水排放中的 dioxane 浓度对下游饮用水进水口的风险进行了估计。水样采集后立即在现场用 d8-1,4-二恶烷内标进行了加标。采用 ENVI-CARB-Plus 固相柱提取二恶烷，并用 GC/MS/MS 进行分析，定量限为 0.30μg/L。生活污水中测得的二恶烷浓度范围为<0.30-3.30μg/L，平均值为 1.11±0.60μg/L。采用 iSTREEM 模型在平均流量条件下估算了美国饮用水进水口上游污水的稀释因子，假设二恶烷在河水中没有损失。稀释因子范围为 2.6 至 48113，平均值为 875。然后，使用蒙特卡罗分析结合污水中二恶烷浓度和稀释因子的分布，估算饮用水进水口中的二恶烷浓度。该分析表明，在饮用水进行任何处理之前，上游 WWTP 的输入物导致进水浓度超过美国环保署（USEPA）建议的 0.35μg/L 饮用水咨询浓度的可能性很小（p=0.0031）。
