Galantucci Luigi Maria, Percoco Gianluca, Lavecchia Fulvio, Di Gioia Eliana
Dipartimento di Meccanica Matematica e Management, Politecnico diBari, Bari, Italy.
J Craniofac Surg. 2013 May;24(3):797-804. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0b013e31828dcc81.
The article describes a new methodology to scan and integrate facial soft tissue surface with dental hard tissue models in a three-dimensional (3D) virtual environment, for a novel diagnostic approach.The facial and the dental scans can be acquired using any optical scanning systems: the models are then aligned and integrated to obtain a full virtual navigable representation of the head of the patient.
In this article, we report in detail and further implemented a method for integrating 3D digital cast models into a 3D facial image, to visualize the anatomic position of the dentition. This system uses several 3D technologies to scan and digitize, integrating them with traditional dentistry records. The acquisitions were mainly performed using photogrammetric scanners, suitable for clinics or hospitals, able to obtain high mesh resolution and optimal surface texture for the photorealistic rendering of the face. To increase the quality and the resolution of the photogrammetric scanning of the dental elements, the authors propose a new technique to enhance the texture of the dental surface.
Three examples of the application of the proposed procedure are reported in this article, using first laser scanning and photogrammetry and then only photogrammetry. Using cheek retractors, it is possible to scan directly a great number of dental elements. The final results are good navigable 3D models that integrate facial soft tissue and dental hard tissues. The method is characterized by the complete absence of ionizing radiation, portability and simplicity, fast acquisition, easy alignment of the 3D models, and wide angle of view of the scanner.
This method is completely noninvasive and can be repeated any time the physician needs new clinical records. The 3D virtual model is a precise representation both of the soft and the hard tissue scanned, and it is possible to make any dimensional measure directly in the virtual space, for a full integrated 3D anthropometry and cephalometry. Moreover, the authors propose a method completely based on close-range photogrammetric scanning, able to detect facial and dental surfaces, and reducing the time, the complexity, and the cost of the scanning operations and the numerical elaboration.
本文介绍了一种新方法，可在三维（3D）虚拟环境中扫描面部软组织表面并将其与牙齿硬组织模型整合，以实现一种新颖的诊断方法。面部和牙齿扫描可使用任何光学扫描系统获取：然后将模型对齐并整合，以获得患者头部的完整虚拟可导航表示。
在本文中，我们详细报告并进一步实施了一种将3D数字石膏模型整合到3D面部图像中的方法，以可视化牙列的解剖位置。该系统使用多种3D技术进行扫描和数字化，并将它们与传统牙科记录相结合。采集主要使用适合诊所或医院的摄影测量扫描仪进行，能够获得高网格分辨率和用于面部逼真渲染的最佳表面纹理。为了提高牙齿元素摄影测量扫描的质量和分辨率，作者提出了一种增强牙齿表面纹理的新技术。
本文报告了该方法应用的三个示例，首先使用激光扫描和摄影测量，然后仅使用摄影测量。使用脸颊牵开器，可以直接扫描大量牙齿元素。最终结果是整合了面部软组织和牙齿硬组织的良好可导航3D模型。该方法的特点是完全没有电离辐射、便携性和简单性、采集速度快、3D模型易于对齐以及扫描仪视角广。
该方法完全无创，并且可以在医生需要新的临床记录时随时重复。3D虚拟模型是对扫描的软组织和硬组织的精确表示，可以在虚拟空间中直接进行任何尺寸测量，以实现完整的综合3D人体测量和头影测量。此外，作者提出了一种完全基于近景摄影测量扫描的方法，能够检测面部和牙齿表面，并减少扫描操作和数值处理的时间、复杂性和成本。
