Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, and the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
Compr Physiol. 2012 Jan;2(1):321-447. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c100048.
Blood flow (BF) increases with increasing exercise intensity in skeletal, respiratory, and cardiac muscle. In humans during maximal exercise intensities, 85% to 90% of total cardiac output is distributed to skeletal and cardiac muscle. During exercise BF increases modestly and heterogeneously to brain and decreases in gastrointestinal, reproductive, and renal tissues and shows little to no change in skin. If the duration of exercise is sufficient to increase body/core temperature, skin BF is also increased in humans. Because blood pressure changes little during exercise, changes in distribution of BF with incremental exercise result from changes in vascular conductance. These changes in distribution of BF throughout the body contribute to decreases in mixed venous oxygen content, serve to supply adequate oxygen to the active skeletal muscles, and support metabolism of other tissues while maintaining homeostasis. This review discusses the response of the peripheral circulation of humans to acute and chronic dynamic exercise and mechanisms responsible for these responses. This is accomplished in the context of leading the reader on a tour through the peripheral circulation during dynamic exercise. During this tour, we consider what is known about how each vascular bed controls BF during exercise and how these control mechanisms are modified by chronic physical activity/exercise training. The tour ends by comparing responses of the systemic circulation to those of the pulmonary circulation relative to the effects of exercise on the regional distribution of BF and mechanisms responsible for control of resistance/conductance in the systemic and pulmonary circulations.
血流（BF）随着骨骼肌、呼吸肌和心肌的运动强度的增加而增加。在人类进行最大运动强度时，总心输出量的 85%至 90%分布到骨骼肌和心肌。在运动过程中，BF 适度且不均匀地增加到大脑，而在胃肠道、生殖和肾脏组织中减少，在皮肤中几乎没有变化。如果运动持续时间足以增加体温，那么皮肤 BF 在人类中也会增加。由于运动期间血压变化不大，BF 分布的变化是由于血管传导的变化引起的。这些在全身的 BF 分布变化有助于降低混合静脉血氧含量，为活跃的骨骼肌提供足够的氧气供应，并在维持体内平衡的同时支持其他组织的代谢。
本篇综述讨论了人类外周循环对急性和慢性动力性运动的反应以及这些反应的机制。这是在引导读者进行动态运动期间外周循环之旅的背景下完成的。在这次旅行中，我们考虑了每个血管床在运动期间如何控制 BF，以及这些控制机制如何被慢性体力活动/运动训练所改变。最后，我们将比较系统循环与肺循环的反应，以了解运动对 BF 的局部分布的影响以及系统和肺循环阻力/传导控制的机制。
