Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute at the Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, Berlin, Germany.
Evolution. 2013 Jun;67(6):1607-21. doi: 10.1111/evo.12083. Epub 2013 Apr 9.
Differences in the relative diversification rates of species with variant traits are known as species selection. Species selection can produce a macroevolutionary change in the frequencies of traits by changing the relative number of species possessing each trait over time. But species selection is not the only process that can change the frequencies of traits, phyletic microevolution of traits within species and phylogenetic trait evolution among species, the tempo and mode of microevolution can also change trait frequencies. Species selection, phylogenetic, and phyletic processes can all contribute to large-scale trends, reinforcing or canceling each other out. Even more complex interactions among macroevolutionary processes are possible when multiple covarying traits are involved. Here I present a multilevel macroevolutionary framework that is useful for understanding how macroevolutionary processes interact. It is useful for empirical studies using fossils, molecular phylogenies, or both. I illustrate the framework with the macroevolution of coloniality and photosymbiosis in scleractinian corals using a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny. I find that standing phylogenetic variation in coloniality and photosymbiosis deflects the direction of macroevolution from the vector of species selection. Variation in these traits constrains species selection and results in a 200 million year macroevolutionary equilibrium.
物种特征变异的相对多样化速率差异被称为物种选择。物种选择可以通过改变随着时间的推移具有每种特征的物种的相对数量来导致特征的宏观进化变化。但是，物种选择不是唯一可以改变特征频率的过程，种内特征的系统发生微进化和物种间的系统发生特征进化，微进化的节奏和模式也可以改变特征频率。物种选择、系统发生和种内进化过程都可以促成大规模趋势，相互加强或相互抵消。当涉及多个相关特征时，宏观进化过程之间甚至可能存在更复杂的相互作用。在这里，我提出了一个多层次的宏观进化框架，该框架有助于理解宏观进化过程如何相互作用。它对于使用化石、分子系统发育或两者的经验研究很有用。我使用时间校准的分子系统发育来阐明有孔虫珊瑚的殖民地和光合作用共生的宏观进化，来说明该框架。我发现，殖民地和光合作用共生的系统发生变异会使宏观进化的方向偏离物种选择的方向。这些特征的变异限制了物种选择，导致了 2 亿年的宏观进化平衡。
