Center for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London.
Department of Psychology, University of Kent.
Dev Psychol. 2014 Feb;50(2):469-81. doi: 10.1037/a0033166. Epub 2013 Jun 3.
We used a matching-to-sample task and manipulated facial pose and feature composition to examine the other-race effect (ORE) in face identity recognition between 5 and 10 years of age. Overall, the present findings provide a genuine measure of own- and other-race face identity recognition in children that is independent of photographic and image processing. The current study also confirms the presence of an ORE in children as young as 5 years of age using a recognition paradigm that is sensitive to their developing cognitive abilities. In addition, the present findings show that with age, increasing experience with familiar classes of own-race faces and further lack of experience with unfamiliar classes of other-race faces serves to maintain the ORE between 5 and 10 years of age rather than exacerbate the effect. All age groups also showed a differential effect of stimulus facial pose in their recognition of the internal regions of own- and other-race faces. Own-race inner faces were remembered best when three-quarter poses were used during familiarization and frontal poses were used during the recognition test. In contrast, other-race inner faces were remembered best when frontal poses were used during familiarization and three-quarter poses were used during the recognition test. Thus, children encode and/or retrieve own- and other-race faces from memory in qualitatively different ways.
我们使用匹配样本任务，并操纵面部姿势和特征组成，以研究 5 至 10 岁儿童在面孔身份识别中的异族效应（ORE）。总的来说，本研究提供了一种真正的衡量儿童自身和异族面孔身份识别的方法，这种方法独立于照片和图像处理。本研究还使用一种对儿童发展认知能力敏感的识别范式，证实了 5 岁儿童存在 ORE。此外，本研究结果表明，随着年龄的增长，对熟悉的自身种族面孔类别的经验增加，以及对不熟悉的异族面孔类别的经验缺乏，有助于维持 5 至 10 岁之间的 ORE，而不是加剧这种影响。所有年龄组在识别自身和异族面孔的内部区域时，都表现出刺激面部姿势的差异效应。在熟悉阶段使用四分之三姿势，在识别测试阶段使用正面姿势时，自身种族内部面孔的记忆效果最佳。相比之下，在熟悉阶段使用正面姿势，在识别测试阶段使用四分之三姿势时，异族内部面孔的记忆效果最佳。因此，儿童以不同的方式从记忆中对自身和异族面孔进行编码和/或检索。
