From passengers to drivers: Impact of bacterial transposable elements on evolvability.

Microbes have several mechanisms that promote evolutionary adaptation in stressful environments. The corresponding molecular pathways promote diversity through modulating rates of recombination, mutation or influence the activity of transposable genetic elements. Recent experimental studies suggest an evolutionary conflict between these mechanisms. Specifically, presence of mismatch repair mutator alleles in a bacterial population dramatically reduced fixation of bacterial insertion sequence elements. When rare, these elements had only a limited impact on adaptive evolution compared with other mutation-generating pathways. IS elements may initially spread like molecular parasites, but once present in many copies in a given genome, they might become generators of novelty during bacterial evolution.