Raglin J S, Morgan W P, Wise K J
Sport Psychology Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706.
Int J Sports Med. 1990 Jun;11(3):171-5. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024786.
This investigation attempted to test Hanin's theory of optimal function in 15 female high school swimmers. Each swimmer completed the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Body Awareness Scale (BAS) under the following conditions: I) baseline; II) retrospective recall of "best", "usual", and "worst" performances; III) 24 h prior to an easy and difficult dual meet with instructions to respond as to "how you think you will feel 1 h before the meet"; and IV) 1 h before the meets utilizing the standard ("right now") instructional set. Success was determined in each meet by two methods: 1) objective ratings based on comparisons with the average of times from previous meets; and 2) subjective ratings of performance made by the coach. In the difficult meet significant (P less than 0.01) increases in precompetition anxiety and body awareness occurred, and the correlations between predicted and actual pre-competition were .95 (P less than 0.001) for both anxiety and body awareness. In the difficult meet swimmers subjectively classified as successful were more accurate (P less than 0.05) in predicting precompetition anxiety, and possessed pre-competition anxiety values that were closer to their recall of optimal pre-competition anxiety compared to the unsuccessful swimmers. No comparisons based on the objective classifications were significant, nor were any of the comparisons in the easy meet. The present findings support Hanin's optimal function theory.
本研究试图对15名高中女子游泳运动员测试哈宁的最佳机能理论。每位游泳运动员在以下条件下完成状态焦虑量表（STAI）和身体意识量表（BAS）：I）基线；II）回顾“最佳”“平常”和“最差”表现；III）在轻松和艰难的双人赛之前24小时，按照“你认为在比赛前1小时会有怎样的感觉”的指示作答；IV）在比赛前1小时，采用标准的（“此时此刻”）指示语。每次比赛的成功通过两种方法确定：1）基于与以往比赛平均时间比较的客观评分；2）教练对表现的主观评分。在艰难的比赛中，赛前焦虑和身体意识显著（P<0.01）增加，焦虑和身体意识的预测值与实际赛前值之间的相关性均为0.95（P<0.001）。在艰难的比赛中，主观上被归类为成功的游泳运动员在预测赛前焦虑方面更准确（P<0.05），与未成功的游泳运动员相比，其赛前焦虑值更接近她们回忆的最佳赛前焦虑。基于客观分类的比较均无显著性差异，轻松比赛中的任何比较也无显著性差异。目前的研究结果支持哈宁的最佳机能理论。
