Raglin J S, Morris M J
Indiana University, Department of Kinesiology, Bloomington 47405.
Br J Sports Med. 1994 Mar;28(1):47-51. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.28.1.47.
Consistency in psychological factors is widely regarded to be important for successful performance in team sports, but the Zone of Optimal Function (ZOF) theory contends that athletes should exhibit considerable variability in the level of anxiety that will optimize performance. In an attempt to determine if tenets of ZOF theory held for athletes in a team sport, anxiety was measured using Spielberger's state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) at the baseline and before easy and difficult competitions in nine members of a collegiate women's volleyball team. The ability to predict precompetition anxiety was assessed by having the athletes complete the STAI both 3 weeks and 2 days before each match according to how they thought they would feel 1 h before competition. Each athlete also completed the STAI on the basis of how she recalled feeling before her best competition. Four anxiety units were added and subtracted from this value to establish the ZOF of each player. Actual precompetition anxiety was assessed 1 h before each match. In accordance with ZOF theory, considerable variability was found in the range of optimal anxiety, and 55.5% of the team members reported performing best at either low or high levels of anxiety. The prediction of precompetition anxiety made 2 days before competition was significantly correlated to actual anxiety for the difficult match (r = 0.69, P < 0.05) but not the easy match (r = 0.21, P > 0.05). Predictions made 3 weeks before competition were not significant (P > 0.05). More (P < 0.05) of the player possessed anxiety levels within the ZOF for the difficult match compared with the easy match (77.7% versus 22.2%). In summary, athletes in the team sport of volleyball exhibit considerable variation in optimal precompetition anxiety in accordance with ZOF theory. As posited by ZOF theory, the athletes were able to predict anxiety before a difficult match accurately and were more likely to have anxiety levels with ZOF.
心理因素的一致性被广泛认为对团队运动的成功表现很重要，但最佳功能区（ZOF）理论认为，运动员在焦虑水平上应表现出相当大的变异性，以优化表现。为了确定ZOF理论的原则是否适用于团队运动中的运动员，使用斯皮尔伯格状态-特质焦虑量表（STAI）在基线时以及在一场大学女子排球队的九名队员参加简单和困难比赛之前测量焦虑。通过让运动员在每场比赛前3周和2天根据他们认为比赛前1小时会有的感受完成STAI来评估预测赛前焦虑的能力。每位运动员还根据她回忆自己在最佳比赛前的感受完成STAI。从这个值中加减四个焦虑单位来确定每个运动员的最佳功能区。在每场比赛前1小时评估实际赛前焦虑。根据ZOF理论，在最佳焦虑范围内发现了相当大的变异性，55.5%的队员报告在低或高焦虑水平下表现最佳。比赛前2天做出的赛前焦虑预测与困难比赛的实际焦虑显著相关（r = 0.69，P < 0.05），但与简单比赛无关（r = 0.21，P > 0.05）。比赛前3周做出的预测不显著（P > 0.05）。与简单比赛相比，更多（P < 0.05）的运动员在困难比赛中的焦虑水平处于最佳功能区内（77.7%对22.2%）。总之，排球团队运动中的运动员根据ZOF理论在最佳赛前焦虑方面表现出相当大的变异性。正如ZOF理论所假设的，运动员能够准确预测困难比赛前的焦虑，并且更有可能使焦虑水平处于最佳功能区内。
