Agriculture and Consumer protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, Vialle delle terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy.
Animal. 2013 Jun;7 Suppl 2:220-34. doi: 10.1017/S1751731113000876.
Although livestock production accounts for a sizeable share of global greenhouse gas emissions, numerous technical options have been identified to mitigate these emissions. In this review, a subset of these options, which have proven to be effective, are discussed. These include measures to reduce CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation by ruminants, the largest single emission source from the global livestock sector, and for reducing CH4 and N2O emissions from manure. A unique feature of this review is the high level of attention given to interactions between mitigation options and productivity. Among the feed supplement options for lowering enteric emissions, dietary lipids, nitrates and ionophores are identified as the most effective. Forage quality, feed processing and precision feeding have the best prospects among the various available feed and feed management measures. With regard to manure, dietary measures that reduce the amount of N excreted (e.g. better matching of dietary protein to animal needs), shift N excretion from urine to faeces (e.g. tannin inclusion at low levels) and reduce the amount of fermentable organic matter excreted are recommended. Among the many 'end-of-pipe' measures available for manure management, approaches that capture and/or process CH4 emissions during storage (e.g. anaerobic digestion, biofiltration, composting), as well as subsurface injection of manure, are among the most encouraging options flagged in this section of the review. The importance of a multiple gas perspective is critical when assessing mitigation potentials, because most of the options reviewed show strong interactions among sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The paper reviews current knowledge on potential pollution swapping, whereby the reduction of one GHG or emission source leads to unintended increases in another.
虽然畜牧业生产占全球温室气体排放量的相当大份额，但已经确定了许多技术选择来减轻这些排放。在本次综述中，讨论了其中一些已被证明有效的选择。这些措施包括减少反刍动物肠道发酵产生的 CH4 排放，这是全球畜牧业最大的单一排放源，以及减少粪便中的 CH4 和 N2O 排放。本次综述的一个独特特点是高度关注缓解措施与生产力之间的相互作用。在降低肠道排放的饲料补充选择中，膳食脂质、硝酸盐和离子载体被确定为最有效的选择。在各种可用的饲料和饲料管理措施中，牧草质量、饲料加工和精确喂养最有前景。关于粪便，减少氮排泄量的饮食措施（例如更好地将饲料蛋白质与动物需求相匹配）、将氮排泄从尿液转移到粪便（例如低水平包含单宁）和减少可发酵有机物排泄量的饮食措施被推荐。在许多可用的粪便管理“末端处理”措施中，在储存过程中捕获和/或处理 CH4 排放的方法（例如厌氧消化、生物过滤、堆肥）以及粪便的地下注入是本节综述中标记的最有希望的选择之一。在评估缓解潜力时，从多种气体角度看待问题至关重要，因为所审查的大多数选择都显示出温室气体（GHG）排放源之间存在强烈的相互作用。本文综述了潜在污染交换的现有知识，即减少一种 GHG 或排放源会导致另一种 GHG 或排放源的意外增加。
