Meyer J A, Mullens B A, Cyr T L, Stokes C
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 92521.
J Econ Entomol. 1990 Jun;83(3):799-806. doi: 10.1093/jee/83.3.799.
Filth fly parasites reared by commercial insectaries were released on two dairies (MO, DG) in southern California to determine their effect on populations of house flies, Musca domestica L., and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Spalangia endius Walker, Muscidifurax raptorellus Kogan and Legner, and Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner were released on the MO dairy from 1985 to 1987 in varying quantities. Parasitism by Muscidifurax zaraptor on the MO dairy was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) from the field-collected stable fly (4.4%) and house fly (12.5%) pupae, compared with a control dairy (0.1%, stable fly; 1.3%, house fly). Muscidifurax zaraptor, released from April through October during 1987 on the DG dairy (350,000 per month), was not recovered in a significantly higher proportion from either fly species relative to the corresponding control dairy. No specimens of Muscidifurax raptorellus were recovered from the MO dairy. Parasite treatments had no apparent effect on adult populations of either fly species or on overall parasitism rate of field-collected stable fly (16.8%, MO; 17.2%, DG) and house fly (23.3%, MO; 20.9%, DG) pupae. Spalangia spp. were the predominant parasites recovered from field-collected stable fly and house fly pupae on all four dairies. Sentinel house fly pupae placed in fly-breeding sites on both release dairies were parasitized at a significantly higher rate, as compared with sentinel pupae on control dairies. The generic composition of parasites emerging from sentinel house fly pupae was 20.6% Spalangia spp. and 73.2% Muscidifurax spp., whereas in field-collected house fly pupae, Spalangia spp. and Muscidifurax spp. constituted 74.3 and 19.6% of the parasites, respectively.
商业昆虫养殖场培育的腐蝇寄生虫被释放到南加州的两个奶牛场（MO和DG），以确定它们对家蝇（Musca domestica L.）和厩螫蝇（Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)）种群的影响。1985年至1987年期间，不同数量的恩氏斯氏线虫（Spalangia endius Walker）、短角斯氏线虫（Muscidifurax raptorellus Kogan和Legner）和扎氏斯氏线虫（Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan和Legner）被释放到MO奶牛场。与对照奶牛场相比，扎氏斯氏线虫对MO奶牛场野外采集的厩螫蝇（4.4%）和家蝇（12.5%）蛹的寄生率显著更高（P小于0.05）（对照奶牛场厩螫蝇为0.1%，家蝇为1.3%）。1987年4月至10月期间，在DG奶牛场每月释放350,000只扎氏斯氏线虫，相对于相应的对照奶牛场，从这两种蝇类中回收的该线虫比例均未显著更高。在MO奶牛场未回收短角斯氏线虫的标本。寄生虫处理对这两种蝇类的成虫种群或野外采集的厩螫蝇（MO为16.8%，DG为17.2%）和家蝇（MO为23.3%，DG为20.9%）蛹的总体寄生率均无明显影响。斯氏线虫属（Spalangia spp.）是在所有四个奶牛场从野外采集的厩螫蝇和家蝇蛹中回收的主要寄生虫。与对照奶牛场的哨兵蛹相比，放置在两个释放奶牛场苍蝇繁殖地点的哨兵家蝇蛹被寄生的比例显著更高。从哨兵家蝇蛹中羽化出的寄生虫的属组成是斯氏线虫属占20.6%，斯氏线虫属占73.2%，而在野外采集的家蝇蛹中，斯氏线虫属和斯氏线虫属分别占寄生虫的74.3%和19.6%。
