Cook David
Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia.
Insects. 2020 May 15;11(5):313. doi: 10.3390/insects11050313.
The stable fly, (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), remains a significant economic pest globally in situations where intensive animal production or horticultural production provide a suitable developmental medium. Stable flies have been recorded as pests of livestock and humans since the late 1800s to early 1900s. Over 100 years of research has seen numerous methodologies used to control this fly, in particular to protect cattle from flies to minimise production losses. Reduced milk production in dairy cows and decreased weight gain in beef cattle account for losses in the US alone of > $2000 million annually. Rural lifestyles and recreation are also seriously affected. Progress has been made on many control strategies against stable fly over a range of chemical, biological, physical and cultural options. This paper reviews management options from both a historical and a technical perspective for controlling this pest. These include the use of different classes of insecticides applied to affected animals as toxicants or repellents (livestock and humans), as well as to substrates where stable fly larvae develop. Arthropod predators of stable flies are listed, from which potential biological control agents (e.g., wasps, mites, and beetles) are identified. Biopesticides (e.g., fungi, bacteria and plant-derived products) are also discussed along with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) against stable flies for several animal industries. A review of cultural and physical management options including trapping, trap types and methodologies, farm hygiene, scheduled sanitation, physical barriers to fly emergence, livestock protection and amendments added to animal manures and bedding are covered. This paper presents a comprehensive review of all management options used against stable flies from both a historical and a technical perspective for use by any entomologist, livestock producer or horticulturalist with an interest in reducing the negative impact of this pest fly.
厩螫蝇，（双翅目：蝇科），在集约化动物生产或园艺生产提供适宜发育介质的情况下，仍然是全球一种重要的经济害虫。自19世纪末至20世纪初以来，厩螫蝇就被记录为牲畜和人类的害虫。100多年来的研究中，人们使用了众多方法来控制这种苍蝇，尤其是保护牛群免受苍蝇侵害，以尽量减少生产损失。仅在美国，奶牛产奶量下降和肉牛体重增加减少造成的损失每年就超过20亿美元。农村生活方式和娱乐活动也受到严重影响。在一系列化学、生物、物理和文化防治方法方面，针对厩螫蝇的许多防治策略都取得了进展。本文从历史和技术角度综述了控制这种害虫的管理方法。这些方法包括使用不同种类的杀虫剂，作为毒物或驱避剂施用于受影响的动物（牲畜和人类），以及施用于厩螫蝇幼虫发育的基质。列出了厩螫蝇的节肢动物捕食者，并从中确定了潜在的生物防治剂（如黄蜂、螨虫和甲虫）。还讨论了生物农药（如真菌、细菌和植物源产品）以及针对几种动物产业的厩螫蝇综合虫害管理。涵盖了对文化和物理管理方法的综述，包括诱捕、诱捕器类型和方法、农场卫生、定期清洁、防止苍蝇羽化的物理屏障、牲畜保护以及添加到动物粪便和垫料中的改良剂。本文从历史和技术角度全面综述了用于防治厩螫蝇的所有管理方法，供任何对减少这种害虫苍蝇负面影响感兴趣的昆虫学家、牲畜生产者或园艺学家参考。
