Dawson G, Hill D, Spencer A, Galpert L, Watson L
Psychology Department, University of Washington, Seattle 19895.
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1990 Jun;18(3):335-45. doi: 10.1007/BF00916569.
This study examined autistic children's social behavior, affect, and use of gaze during naturalistic interactions with their mothers. Sixteen autistic children, 30 to 70 months of age, and 16 normal children, matched on receptive language, participated. Children and their mothers were videotaped during three situations: a free-play period, a more structured period during which communicative demand was made on the child, and a face-to-face interaction. In all three situations, autistic and normal children did not differ in the frequency or duration of gaze at mother's face. In the one condition (face-to-face interaction) during which affective expressions were coded, autistic and normal children also were not found to differ significantly in the frequency or duration of smiles displayed, and neither group displayed frowns. However, autistic children were much less likely than normal children to combine their smiles with eye contact in a single act that conveyed communicative intent. Autistic and normal children were not found to differ in the percentages of smiles they displayed to social versus nonsocial events. However, when autistic children's responses to mother's smiles specifically were examined, it was found that they were much less likely to smile in response to mother's smiles than were normal children. Finally, it was found that mothers of autistic children displayed fewer smiles and were less likely to smile in response to their children's smiles, when compared with mothers of normal children. These findings suggest that the autistic child's unusual affective behavior may negatively affect the behavior of others.
本研究考察了自闭症儿童在与母亲进行自然互动时的社交行为、情感表达及目光注视情况。研究选取了16名年龄在30至70个月之间的自闭症儿童以及16名接受性语言能力相匹配的正常儿童。在三种情境下对儿童及其母亲进行录像：自由玩耍时段、对儿童提出交流要求的结构化程度更高的时段以及面对面互动。在所有这三种情境中，自闭症儿童和正常儿童注视母亲面部的频率或时长并无差异。在对情感表达进行编码的一种情境（面对面互动）中，自闭症儿童和正常儿童在微笑频率或时长方面也未发现显著差异，且两组均未表现出皱眉。然而，自闭症儿童在将微笑与眼神接触结合以传达交流意图的单一行为中，比正常儿童的可能性要小得多。自闭症儿童和正常儿童对社交与非社交事件微笑的比例并无差异。然而，当专门考察自闭症儿童对母亲微笑的反应时，发现他们对母亲微笑做出回应的可能性比正常儿童小得多。最后，研究发现与正常儿童的母亲相比，自闭症儿童的母亲微笑较少，且对孩子的微笑做出回应的可能性也较小。这些发现表明，自闭症儿童不寻常的情感行为可能会对他人的行为产生负面影响。
