Loehlin J C, Horn J M, Willerman L
Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin 78712.
J Pers. 1990 Mar;58(1):221-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00914.x.
Personality changes over time can be analyzed by the same twin and adoption methods used to analyze the genetic and environmental influences on a trait at a given time. Composite parent rating measures of Extra-version, Socialization, and Stability made on two occasions approximately 10 years apart on 229 adopted and 83 nonadopted children from the Texas Adoption Project were used to illustrate this point in two ways. The first was based on correlations among family members, from which it appeared that by far the chief source of individual change was neither the genes nor shared family environment, but individual experience (and/or measurement error). The second was via a path-analytic approach to changes in the means of adopted and natural children, from which it appeared that, nonetheless, the children were tending to change on the average in the direction of their genetic parents' personalities.
随着时间推移的人格变化可以通过与用于分析某一特定时间基因和环境对某一特质影响相同的双胞胎和收养研究方法来进行分析。对来自德克萨斯收养项目的229名收养儿童和83名非收养儿童，在间隔约10年的两个时间点进行了外向性、社会化和稳定性的综合父母评定测量，以此用两种方式来说明这一点。第一种方式基于家庭成员之间的相关性，由此看来，到目前为止个体变化的主要来源既不是基因也不是共同的家庭环境，而是个体经历（和/或测量误差）。第二种方式是通过对收养儿童和亲生子女均值变化的路径分析方法，由此看来，尽管如此，孩子们总体上仍倾向于朝着其亲生父母的人格方向变化。
