National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, BRC Building, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
Addict Behav. 2013 Oct;38(10):2485-91. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.05.010. Epub 2013 May 22.
Real-time monitoring of behavior using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) has provided detailed data about daily temporal patterns of craving and use in cigarette smokers. We have collected similar data from a sample of cocaine and heroin users. Here we analyzed it in the context of its relationship with a societal construct of daily temporal organization: 9-to-5 business hours. In a 28-week prospective study, 112 methadone-maintained polydrug-abusing individuals initiated an electronic-diary entry and provided data each time they used cocaine, heroin, or both during weeks 4 to 28. EMA data were collected for 10,781 person-days and included: 663 cocaine-craving events, 710 cocaine-use events, 288 heroin-craving events, 66 heroin-use events, 630 craving-both-drugs events, and 282 use-of-both-drugs events. At baseline, 34% of the participants reported full-time employment in the preceding 3-year period. Most participants' current employment status fluctuated throughout the study. In a generalized linear mixed model (SAS Proc Glimmix), cocaine use varied by time of day relative to business hours (p<0.0001) and there was a significant interaction between Day of the Week and Time Relative to Business Hours (p<0.002) regardless of current work status. Cocaine craving also varied by time of day relative to business hours (p<0.0001), however, there was no significant interaction between Day of the Week and Time Relative to Business Hours (p=.57). Heroin craving and use were mostly reported during business hours, but data were sparse. Cocaine craving is most frequent during business hours while cocaine use is more frequent after business hours. Cocaine use during business hours, but not craving, seems suppressed on most weekdays, but not weekends, suggesting that societal conventions reflected in business hours influence drug-use patterns even in individuals whose daily schedules are not necessarily dictated by employment during conventional business hours.
使用生态瞬时评估（EMA）实时监测行为，为吸烟者的日常渴望和使用时间模式提供了详细数据。我们从可卡因和海洛因使用者样本中收集了类似的数据。在这里，我们根据它与社会日常时间组织结构的关系对其进行了分析：朝九晚五的工作时间。在一项为期 28 周的前瞻性研究中，112 名美沙酮维持的多药滥用者开始记录电子日记，并在第 4 周到第 28 周期间每次使用可卡因、海洛因或两者时提供数据。共收集了 10781 个人天的 EMA 数据，其中包括：663 次可卡因渴望事件、710 次可卡因使用事件、288 次海洛因渴望事件、66 次海洛因使用事件、630 次同时渴望两种药物事件和 282 次同时使用两种药物事件。在基线时，34%的参与者在前三年报告有全职工作。大多数参与者的当前就业状况在整个研究过程中波动。在广义线性混合模型（SAS Proc Glimmix）中，可卡因的使用随时间变化而变化，与工作时间有关（p<0.0001），且工作日和时间相对于工作时间的交互作用显著（p<0.002），无论当前工作状态如何。可卡因渴望也随时间变化而变化，与工作时间有关（p<0.0001），但是，工作日和时间相对于工作时间的交互作用不显著（p=.57）。海洛因渴望和使用主要发生在工作时间，但数据稀疏。可卡因渴望在工作时间最频繁，而可卡因使用在工作时间后最频繁。在大多数工作日，尤其是周末，可卡因在工作时间的使用似乎受到抑制，而不是渴望，这表明社会习俗反映在工作时间中，即使在那些日常时间表不一定由传统工作时间的就业决定的个体中，也会影响药物使用模式。
