Castán Broto Vanesa, Bulkeley Harriet
Development and Planning Unit, UCL, 34 Tavistock Square, London, United Kingdom.
Glob Environ Change. 2013 Feb;23(1):92-102. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.07.005.
Cities are key sites where climate change is being addressed. Previous research has largely overlooked the multiplicity of climate change responses emerging outside formal contexts of decision-making and led by actors other than municipal governments. Moreover, existing research has largely focused on case studies of climate change mitigation in developed economies. The objective of this paper is to uncover the heterogeneous mix of actors, settings, governance arrangements and technologies involved in the governance of climate change in cities in different parts of the world. The paper focuses on urban climate change governance as a process of experimentation. Climate change experiments are presented here as interventions to try out new ideas and methods in the context of future uncertainties. They serve to understand how interventions work in practice, in new contexts where they are thought of as innovative. To study experimentation, the paper presents evidence from the analysis of a database of 627 urban climate change experiments in a sample of 100 global cities. The analysis suggests that, since 2005, experimentation is a feature of urban responses to climate change across different world regions and multiple sectors. Although experimentation does not appear to be related to particular kinds of urban economic and social conditions, some of its core features are visible. For example, experimentation tends to focus on energy. Also, both social and technical forms of experimentation are visible, but technical experimentation is more common in urban infrastructure systems. While municipal governments have a critical role in climate change experimentation, they often act alongside other actors and in a variety of forms of partnership. These findings point at experimentation as a key tool to open up new political spaces for governing climate change in the city.
城市是应对气候变化的关键场所。以往的研究在很大程度上忽视了在正式决策背景之外、由市政府以外的行为体主导的应对气候变化的多样性。此外，现有研究主要集中在发达经济体中缓解气候变化的案例研究。本文的目的是揭示世界不同地区城市气候变化治理中行为体、环境、治理安排和技术的异质性组合。本文将城市气候变化治理视为一个试验过程。这里将气候变化试验作为在未来不确定性背景下尝试新想法和新方法的干预措施。它们有助于了解干预措施在实践中如何发挥作用，以及在被认为具有创新性的新环境中如何发挥作用。为了研究试验情况，本文展示了对100个全球城市样本中的627个城市气候变化试验数据库进行分析得出的证据。分析表明，自2005年以来，试验是不同世界地区和多个部门城市应对气候变化的一个特征。尽管试验似乎与特定类型的城市经济和社会状况无关，但其一些核心特征是明显的。例如，试验往往侧重于能源。此外，社会和技术形式的试验都存在，但技术试验在城市基础设施系统中更为常见。虽然市政府在气候变化试验中发挥着关键作用，但它们往往与其他行为体一起行动，并以各种形式的伙伴关系开展合作。这些发现表明，试验是为城市气候变化治理开辟新政治空间的关键工具。
