Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Las Lagunas, 2004 Ourense, Spain.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Sep;59:395-404. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.024. Epub 2013 Jun 26.
This review presents an overview of neuroendocrine disruption induced by cadmium on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HHG) axis. This review focuses on a number of hypotheses: (1) the HHG axis is a physiological target on cadmium toxicity; (2) cadmium could induce chronotoxicity on this neuroendocrine axis by disrupting the daily pattern of the HHG axis activity; (3) cadmium exposure throughout life could contribute to the oxidative stress and the circadian rhythms disruption induced by aging on the HHG; and (4) cadmium induces oxidative stress in the HHG axis so antioxidants could prevent or reduce cadmium toxicity in this system. Cadmium disrupts the regulatory mechanisms of this physiological axis, by altering neurotransmitters involved in this regulation at the hypothalamic level, altering gonadotropin hormone secretion, and by affecting testicular or ovarian structure and activity. These effects are age-dependent and they could be related to the circadian rhythms of this physiological axis. Several antioxidant agents could have a protective action against the neuroendocrine toxicity of cadmium on the reproductive system. A comprehensive view of the physiological axis may provide a better understanding about the neuroendocrine toxicity of cadmium on the reproductive system, so this perspective is recommended for undertaking further studies.
这篇综述介绍了镉对下丘脑-垂体-性腺（HHG）轴的神经内分泌干扰。本文重点介绍了一些假设：（1）HHG 轴是镉毒性的生理靶标；（2）镉可能通过破坏 HHG 轴活动的日常节律来诱导对该神经内分泌轴的慢性毒性；（3）终生暴露于镉可能导致 HHG 上由衰老引起的氧化应激和昼夜节律紊乱；（4）镉在 HHG 轴中诱导氧化应激，因此抗氧化剂可以预防或减少该系统中的镉毒性。镉通过改变下丘脑水平参与这种调节的神经递质、改变促性腺激素的分泌、并通过影响睾丸或卵巢的结构和功能来破坏这个生理轴的调节机制。这些影响是年龄依赖性的，它们可能与这个生理轴的昼夜节律有关。几种抗氧化剂可能对镉对生殖系统的神经内分泌毒性具有保护作用。对生理轴的全面了解可能有助于更好地理解镉对生殖系统的神经内分泌毒性，因此建议从这个角度进行进一步研究。
