Department of Water Resources Management, IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany,
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2013 Oct;20(10):7124-39. doi: 10.1007/s11356-013-1929-x. Epub 2013 Jul 7.
This study deals with the evaluation of water quality of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in order to assess its suitability as a raw water source for drinking water production. Therefore, water samples from (1) surface water, (2) tap water, and (3) wastewater treatment plant effluents were taken randomly by 2011-2012 in the area of the TGR and were analyzed for seven different organic contaminant groups (207 substances in total), applying nine different analytical methods. In the three sampled water sources, typical contaminant patterns were found, i.e., pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in surface water with concentrations of 0.020-3.5 μg/L and 0.004-0.12 μg/L, disinfection by-products in tap water with concentrations of 0.050-79 μg/L, and pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plant effluents with concentrations of 0.020-0.76 μg/L, respectively. The most frequently detected organic compounds in surface water (45 positives out of 57 samples) were the pyridine pesticides clopyralid and picloram. The concentrations might indicate that they are used on a regular basis and in conjunction in the area of the TGR. Three- and four-ring PAH were ubiquitously distributed, while the poorly soluble five- and six-ring members, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, were below the detection limit. In general, the detected concentrations in TGR are in the same range or even lower compared to surface waters in western industrialized countries, although contaminant loads can still be high due to a high discharge. With the exception of the two pesticides, clopyralid and picloram, concentrations of the investigated organic pollutants in TGR meet the limits of the Chinese Standards for Drinking Water Quality GB 5749 (Ministry of Health of China and Standardization Administration of China 2006) and the European Union (EU) Council Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water intended for human consumption (The Council of the European Union 1998), or rather, the EU Directive on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy (The European Parliament and The Council of the European Union 2008). Therefore, the suggested use of surface water from TGR for drinking water purposes is a valid option. Current treatment methods, however, do not seem to be efficient since organic pollutants were detected in significant concentrations in purified tap water.
本研究旨在评估三峡水库（TGR）的水质，以评估其作为饮用水生产的原水的适宜性。因此，2011-2012 年期间，在三峡库区随机采集了（1）地表水、（2）自来水和（3）污水处理厂出水三种水样，并应用九种不同的分析方法对 7 种不同的有机污染物组（共 207 种物质）进行了分析。在这三种采样水源中，发现了典型的污染物模式，即地表水的农药和多环芳烃（PAH）浓度为 0.020-3.5μg/L 和 0.004-0.12μg/L，自来水中的消毒副产物浓度为 0.050-79μg/L，以及污水处理厂出水中的药物浓度为 0.020-0.76μg/L。地表水（57 个样本中有 45 个阳性样本）中最常检测到的有机化合物是吡啶类农药氯吡草胺和百草枯。这些浓度表明它们在三峡库区经常使用，而且是联合使用的。三环和四环 PAH 广泛分布，而疏水性差的五环和六环成员、全氟化合物、多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚的浓度低于检测限。总的来说，与西方国家的地表水相比，三峡水库的检测浓度处于同一水平，甚至更低，尽管由于排放量高，污染物负荷仍然很高。除了氯吡草胺和百草枯这两种农药外，三峡水库中所调查的有机污染物的浓度均符合中国《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749）（中国卫生部和中国标准化管理委员会 2006 年）和欧盟（EU）理事会指令 98/83/EC（欧盟理事会 1998 年）的饮用水质量限制，或者说，符合欧盟水政策领域环境质量标准指令（欧洲议会和欧盟理事会 2008 年）。因此，建议将三峡水库的地表水用于饮用水是一个可行的选择。然而，目前的处理方法似乎并不有效，因为在净化后的自来水中仍检测到有机污染物的显著浓度。
