Hertzog Christopher, Fulton Erika K, Sinclair Starlette M, Dunlosky John
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia,
Mem Cognit. 2014 Jan;42(1):126-40. doi: 10.3758/s13421-013-0348-z.
We tested the hypothesis that the feeling of knowing (FOK) after a failed recall attempt is influenced by recalling aspects of the original encoding strategy. Individuals were instructed to use interactive imagery to encode unrelated word pairs. We manipulated item concreteness (abstract vs. concrete) and item repetitions at study (one vs. three). Participants orally described the mediator produced immediately after studying each item, if any. After a delay, they were given cued recall, made FOK ratings, and attempted to recall their original mediator. Concreteness and item repetition enhanced strategy recall, which had a large effect on FOKs. Controlling on strategy recall reduced the predictive validity of FOKs for recognition memory, indicating that access to the original aspects of encoding influenced FOK accuracy. Confidence judgments (CJs) for correctly recognized items covaried with FOKs, but FOKs did not fully track the strategy recall associations with CJs, suggesting emergent effects of strategy cues that were elicited by recognition tests but not accessed at the time of the FOK judgment. In summary, cue-generated access to aspects of the original encoding strategy strongly influenced episodic FOKs, although other influences were also implicated.
在回忆尝试失败后的知晓感（FOK）会受到对原始编码策略各方面回忆的影响。我们指导个体使用交互式意象对不相关的单词对进行编码。我们在学习时操纵了项目的具体性（抽象与具体）和项目重复次数（一次与三次）。参与者口头描述学习每个项目后立即产生的中介物（如果有的话）。延迟一段时间后，他们接受线索回忆测试，进行知晓感评分，并尝试回忆他们原来的中介物。具体性和项目重复增强了策略回忆，这对知晓感有很大影响。控制策略回忆降低了知晓感对识别记忆的预测效度，这表明对编码原始方面的提取会影响知晓感的准确性。对正确识别项目的信心判断（CJ）与知晓感相关，但知晓感并未完全追踪策略回忆与信心判断之间的关联，这表明识别测试引发的策略线索有新出现的影响，但在知晓感判断时并未被提取。总之，线索引发的对原始编码策略各方面的提取强烈影响了情景性知晓感，尽管也涉及其他影响因素。
