School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, USA.
Mem Cognit. 2010 Sep;38(6):771-84. doi: 10.3758/MC.38.6.771.
In recent studies, researchers have argued for adult age-related deficits in the resolution of episodic feeling of knowing (FOK) owing to a decline in inferential processes. In the present study, we introduce the memory constraint hypothesis, which argues that deficits are an outcome of differences in the level of learning. A repetition delay paradigm for a list of paired-associate items showed that repeated presentations at encoding increased memory performance and in turn increased FOK resolution for unrecalled items. Older adults who were given a 48-h delay between encoding and subsequent tests (and FOKs) had equivalent memory performance to younger adults who were given a 7-day delay. In this case, age equivalence arose in FOK resolution except at the lowest levels of recognition in the single-presentation condition. The use of effective strategies during encoding correlated with memory performance and FOKs, even for unrecalled pairs. These results are inconsistent with an inferential-deficit explanation of age deficits in FOK resolution; they point to the importance of original encoding quality as a potent contributor to FOK resolution, and they argue for equating age groups on memory performance when evaluating the episodic FOK resolution of age differences.
在最近的研究中，研究人员认为，由于推理过程的下降，成年人在解决情节性知晓感（FOK）方面存在年龄相关的缺陷。在本研究中，我们提出了记忆约束假说，该假说认为缺陷是学习水平差异的结果。在一系列配对联想项目的重复延迟范式中，我们发现，在编码时重复呈现会提高记忆表现，进而提高对未被召回项目的 FOK 分辨率。在编码和随后的测试（以及 FOK）之间给予 48 小时延迟的老年人与给予 7 天延迟的年轻人具有等效的记忆表现。在这种情况下，除了在单次呈现条件下的最低识别水平外，FOK 分辨率的年龄等效性出现了。在编码过程中使用有效策略与记忆表现和 FOK 相关，即使对于未被召回的配对也是如此。这些结果与 FOK 分辨率中年龄缺陷的推理缺陷解释不一致；它们指出了原始编码质量作为 FOK 分辨率的有力贡献者的重要性，并在评估年龄差异的情节性 FOK 分辨率时，主张在记忆表现上使年龄组均等化。
