Resveratrol in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a dietary and clinical perspective.

Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) aims to avoid a first event in subjects that are at risk but have not yet been diagnosed with heart disease. Secondary prevention of CVD aims to avoid new events in patients with established heart disease. Both approaches involve clinical intervention and implementation of healthy lifestyles. The grape and wine polyphenol resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) has shown cardioprotective benefits in humans. Most of these approaches deal with rather high doses and short follow-ups, and do not address the issue of long-term resveratrol consumption safety, especially in medicated individuals. Here, we review the trials conducted with resveratrol in patients at risk for or with established CVD, focusing on the two longest human clinical trials reported so far (1-year follow-up). We also discuss the expectations for resveratrol from a dietary and clinical perspective in relation to CVD. However, statistically significant changes in CVD-risk markers do not necessarily equal clinical significance in the daily care of patients.