U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5, GWDWB, 77 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois 60604, USA.
Environ Sci Technol. 2013 Aug 20;47(16):9300-7. doi: 10.1021/es4003636. Epub 2013 Aug 2.
Comparative stagnation sampling conducted in 32 homes in Chicago, Illinois with lead service lines demonstrated that the existing regulatory sampling protocol under the U.S. Lead and Copper Rule systematically misses the high lead levels and potential human exposure. Lead levels measured with sequential sampling were highest within the lead service lines, with maximum values more than four times higher than Chicago's regulatory compliance results using a first-draw sampling protocol. There was significant variability in lead values from different points within individual lead service lines and among different lead service line sites across the city. Although other factors could also influence lead levels, the highest lead results most often were associated with sites having known disturbances to the lead service lines. This study underscores the importance and interdependence of sample site selection, sampling protocol, and other factors in assessing lead levels in a public water system.
在伊利诺伊州芝加哥的 32 户家庭中进行的对比停滞采样表明，美国《铅和铜规则》下现有的监管采样方案系统地遗漏了高铅水平和潜在的人体暴露。通过连续采样测量的铅含量在铅供水管线内最高，最大值比芝加哥使用第一点采样方案的法规合规结果高出四倍以上。在城市内的各个铅供水管线点和不同的铅供水管线站点之间，铅含量存在显著差异。尽管其他因素也可能影响铅含量，但最高的铅含量结果通常与已知铅供水管线受到干扰的站点有关。这项研究强调了在评估公共供水系统中的铅含量时，采样点选择、采样方案和其他因素的重要性和相互依赖性。
