Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Addict Behav. 2013 Nov;38(11):2661-6. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.06.017. Epub 2013 Jun 28.
Cognitive impairment has been found to be reversible in people with substance abuse, particularly those using ketamine. Ketamine users are often poly-substance users. This study compared the cognitive functions of current and former ketamine users who were also abusing other psychoactive substances with those of non-users of illicit drugs as controls.
One hundred ketamine poly-drug users and 100 controls were recruited. Drug users were divided into current (n = 32) and ex-users (n = 64) according to the duration of abstinence from ketamine (>30 days). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADSA) and the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) were used to evaluate depression and anxiety symptoms and the severity of drug use, respectively. The cognitive test battery comprised verbal memory (Wechsler Memory Scale III: Logic Memory and Word List), visual memory (Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure, ROCF), executive function (Stroop, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Modified Verbal Fluency Test), working memory (Digit Span Backward), and general intelligence (Information, Arithmetic and Digit-Symbol Coding) tests.
Current users had higher BDI and HADSA scores than ex-users (p < 0.001 for BDI and p = 0.022 for HADSA) and controls (p < 0.001 for BDI and p = 0.002 for HADSA). Ex-users had higher BDI (p = 0.006) but equal HADSA scores (p = 1.000) compared to controls. Both current and ex-users had lower scores on Logical Memory delayed recall (p = 0.038 for current users and p = 0.032 for ex-users) and ROCF delayed recall (p = 0.033 for current users and p = 0.014 for ex-users) than controls. Current users also performed worse on ROCF recognition than controls (p = 0.002). No difference was found between the cognitive functions of current and ex-users.
Ketamine poly-drug users displayed predominantly verbal and visual memory impairments, which persisted in ex-users. The interactive effect of ketamine and poly-drug use on memory needs further investigation.
认知障碍已被发现可在滥用物质的人群中逆转，尤其是在使用氯胺酮的人群中。氯胺酮使用者通常是多药滥用者。本研究比较了当前和曾经滥用氯胺酮且同时滥用其他精神活性物质的氯胺酮使用者与非药物滥用者的认知功能，后者为对照组。
共招募了 100 名氯胺酮多药使用者和 100 名对照者。根据氯胺酮的戒断时间（>30 天），将药物使用者分为当前使用者（n=32）和前使用者（n=64）。使用贝克抑郁量表（BDI）、医院焦虑抑郁量表（HADSA）和严重程度依赖量表（SDS）分别评估抑郁和焦虑症状以及药物使用的严重程度。认知测试包括言语记忆（韦氏记忆量表 III：逻辑记忆和单词列表）、视觉记忆（Rey-Osterrieth 复杂图形，ROC 图）、执行功能（Stroop、威斯康星卡片分类测试和改良言语流畅性测试）、工作记忆（数字倒背）和一般智力（信息、算术和数字符号编码）测试。
当前使用者的 BDI 和 HADSA 评分均高于前使用者（BDI：p<0.001；HADSA：p=0.022）和对照组（BDI：p<0.001；HADSA：p=0.002）。前使用者的 BDI 评分高于对照组（p=0.006），但 HADSA 评分与对照组相当（p=1.000）。与对照组相比，当前使用者和前使用者的逻辑记忆延迟回忆得分较低（当前使用者：p=0.038；前使用者：p=0.032），ROC 图延迟回忆得分较低（当前使用者：p=0.033；前使用者：p=0.014）。当前使用者的 ROC 图识别得分也低于对照组（p=0.002）。当前使用者和前使用者的认知功能无差异。
氯胺酮多药使用者表现出主要的言语和视觉记忆障碍，且前使用者仍存在这种障碍。氯胺酮与多药使用对记忆的交互作用需要进一步研究。
