Paranhos Beatriz Jordão, Sivinski John, Stuhl Charles, Holler Tim, Aluja Martin
Laboratory of Entomology, Embrapa Semiarid, Petrolina-PE, Brazil.
Environ Entomol. 2013 Aug;42(4):717-23. doi: 10.1603/EN12282.
Endoparasitoid larvae may eliminate heterospecific competitors by physical or physiological means. The outcomes of these intrinsic competitions are often predictable with one species typically eliminating the other. The opiine braconids Doryctobracon areolatus (Szepligeti) and Utetes anastrephae (Viereck) are among the most common native parasitoids of frugivorous Tephritidae in the Neotropics and subtropics. U. anastrephae is typically the victor in intrinsic interactions with D. areolatus, but the later has a longer ovipositor and may find a competitor-free-space in larger fruit whose hosts are beyond the reach of U. anastrephae. An Asian opiine species, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been introduced throughout much of the Americas. Its ovipositor is longer than that of D. areolatus and if it is a superior intrinsic competitor it should be able to cause local extinctions of D. areolatus. The outcomes of sequential ovipositions by D. longicaudata and D. areolatus and U. anastrephae found that D. longicaudata significantly suppresses development of D. areolatus. However, competitions between D. longicaudata and U. anastrephae were more equal. The denial of competitor free space may account for the gradual replacement of D. areolatus by D. longicaudata in Florida where both species were introduced ~40 yr ago. Diachasmimorpha longicaudata and D. areolatus continue to coexist in Mexico and this could be because of greater abiotic and biotic environmental complexity that allows for separate niches. Establishment or augmentative releases of D. longicaudata could result in elimination of native parasitoids and this should be considered before its introduction.
内寄生蜂幼虫可能通过物理或生理手段消除异种竞争者。这些内在竞争的结果通常是可预测的，一种物种通常会淘汰另一种物种。阿氏潜蝇茧蜂（Doryctobracon areolatus，Szepligeti）和番荔枝实蝇潜蝇茧蜂（Utetes anastrephae，Viereck）是新热带区和亚热带地区食果实蝇科最常见的本地寄生蜂。在与阿氏潜蝇茧蜂的内在相互作用中，番荔枝实蝇潜蝇茧蜂通常是胜利者，但阿氏潜蝇茧蜂的产卵器更长，可能会在更大的果实中找到一个没有竞争者的空间，而这些果实中的寄主是番荔枝实蝇潜蝇茧蜂无法触及的。一种亚洲潜蝇茧蜂物种，长尾潜蝇茧蜂（Diachasmimorpha longicaudata，Ashmead）已被引入美洲大部分地区。它的产卵器比阿氏潜蝇茧蜂的长，如果它是更强的内在竞争者，它应该能够导致阿氏潜蝇茧蜂在当地灭绝。长尾潜蝇茧蜂与阿氏潜蝇茧蜂以及番荔枝实蝇潜蝇茧蜂的连续产卵结果表明，长尾潜蝇茧蜂显著抑制了阿氏潜蝇茧蜂的发育。然而，长尾潜蝇茧蜂与番荔枝实蝇潜蝇茧蜂之间的竞争更为势均力敌。竞争者无空间的丧失可能是佛罗里达州阿氏潜蝇茧蜂被长尾潜蝇茧蜂逐渐取代的原因，大约40年前这两个物种都被引入了该州。长尾潜蝇茧蜂和阿氏潜蝇茧蜂在墨西哥继续共存，这可能是因为更大的非生物和生物环境复杂性允许它们有各自的生态位。引入长尾潜蝇茧蜂可能会导致本地寄生蜂的灭绝，在引入之前应该考虑到这一点。
