Department of Motion Science, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Horstmarer Landweg 62b, Münster D-48149, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster D-48149, Germany; Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Wöllnitzer Straße 42, Jena D-07749, Germany; Center for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases related to Professional Activities, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena D-07743, Germany.
Hum Mov Sci. 2013 Oct;32(5):954-70. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2013.03.006. Epub 2013 Jul 31.
Model-based calculations indicate that reflex delay and reflex gain are both important for spinal stability. Experimental results demonstrate that chronic low back pain is associated with delayed muscle reflex responses of trunk muscles. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of such time-delayed reflexes on the stability using a simple biomechanical model. Additionally, we compared the model-based predictions with experimental data from chronic low back pain patients and healthy controls using surface-electromyography. Linear stability methods were applied to the musculoskeletal model, which was extended with a time-delayed reflex model. Lateral external perturbations were simulated around equilibrium to investigate the effects of reflex delay and gain on the stability of the human lumbar spine. The model simulations predicted that increased reflex delays require a reduction of the reflex gain to avoid spinal instability. The experimental data support this dependence for the investigated abdominal muscles in chronic low back pain patients and healthy control subjects. Reflex time-delay and gain dependence showed that a delayed reflex latency could have relevant influence on spinal stability, if subjects do not adapt their reflex amplitudes. Based on the model and the experimental results, the relationship between muscle reflex response latency and the maximum of the reflex amplitude should be considered for evaluation of (patho) physiological data. We recommend that training procedures should focus on speeding up the delayed reflex response as well as on increasing the amplitude of these reflexes.
基于模型的计算表明，反射延迟和反射增益对于脊柱稳定性都很重要。实验结果表明，慢性下腰痛与躯干肌肉的肌肉反射反应延迟有关。本研究的目的是使用简单的生物力学模型分析这种时滞反射对稳定性的影响。此外，我们使用表面肌电图将基于模型的预测与慢性下腰痛患者和健康对照组的实验数据进行了比较。线性稳定性方法应用于肌肉骨骼模型，该模型扩展了具有时滞反射模型。在平衡周围模拟了侧向外部扰动，以研究反射延迟和增益对人类腰椎稳定性的影响。模型模拟预测，增加反射延迟需要降低反射增益以避免脊柱不稳定。实验数据支持慢性下腰痛患者和健康对照组研究的腹部肌肉的这种依赖性。反射时滞和增益依赖性表明，如果受试者不适应其反射幅度，延迟的反射潜伏期可能对脊柱稳定性产生相关影响。基于模型和实验结果，应该考虑肌肉反射反应潜伏期和反射幅度最大值之间的关系，以评估（病理）生理数据。我们建议培训程序应侧重于加快延迟的反射反应，并增加这些反射的幅度。
