Center for Preventive Doping Research / Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933, Germany,
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013 Dec;405(30):9655-67. doi: 10.1007/s00216-013-7224-3. Epub 2013 Aug 8.
Urine samples have been the predominant matrix for doping controls for several decades. However, owing to the complementary information provided by blood (as well as serum or plasma and dried blood spots (DBS)), the benefits of its analysis have resulted in continuously increasing appreciation by anti-doping authorities. On the one hand, blood samples allow for the detection of various different methods of blood doping and the abuse of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) via the Athlete Biological Passport; on the other hand, targeted and non-targeted drug detection by means of chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods represents an important tool to increase doping control frequencies out-of-competition and to determine drug concentrations particularly in in-competition scenarios. Moreover, blood analysis seldom requires in-depth knowledge of drug metabolism, and the intact substance rather than potentially unknown or assumed metabolic products can be targeted. In this review, the recent developments in human sports drug testing concerning mass spectrometry-based techniques for qualitative and quantitative analyses of therapeutics and emerging drug candidates are summarized and reviewed. The analytical methods include both low and high molecular mass compounds (e.g., anabolic agents, stimulants, metabolic modulators, peptide hormones, and small interfering RNA (siRNA)) determined from serum, plasma, and DBS using state-of-the-art instrumentation such as liquid chromatography (LC)-high resolution/high accuracy (tandem) mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), LC-low resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
尿液样本作为兴奋剂检测的主要基质已有几十年的历史。然而，由于血液（以及血清或血浆和干血斑 (DBS)）提供了互补信息，其分析的益处使得反兴奋剂机构对其的重视程度不断提高。一方面，血液样本可用于检测各种不同的血液兴奋剂方法和促红细胞生成素刺激剂（ESAs）的滥用，通过运动员生物护照；另一方面，通过色谱-质谱联用方法进行有针对性和非针对性的药物检测是提高非比赛期间兴奋剂检测频率和确定药物浓度的重要工具，特别是在比赛期间。此外，血液分析通常不需要深入了解药物代谢，而且可以针对完整的物质，而不是潜在的未知或假设的代谢产物。在这篇综述中，总结和回顾了基于质谱的技术在人类运动药物检测中的最新发展，用于治疗药物和新兴药物候选物的定性和定量分析。分析方法包括使用最先进的仪器，如液相色谱（LC）-高分辨率/高精度（串联）质谱（LC-HRMS）、LC-低分辨率串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）和气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS），从血清、血浆和 DBS 中测定的低分子和高分子质量化合物（如合成代谢剂、兴奋剂、代谢调节剂、肽激素和小干扰 RNA (siRNA)）。
