Percutaneous paravalvular leak closure.

Percutaneous paravalvular leak closure is increasingly being performed as an alternative to reoperation in patients with symptomatic prosthetic paravalvular regurgitation. This article reviews the pathogenesis of paravalvular leaks and percutaneous techniques for closure. Newer multimodality imaging techniques, including 3-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography and 3D/4D computed tomographic angiography, allow improved preprocedural planning and intraprocedural guidance. Specific techniques can be used for challenging patient anatomy and larger paravalvular leaks. Outcomes from experienced centers show acceptable rates of technical and clinical success, with lower procedural morbidity than reoperation.