US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Lincoln, NE, USA,
Environ Monit Assess. 2014 Jan;186(1):195-215. doi: 10.1007/s10661-013-3366-1. Epub 2013 Aug 13.
A long history of urbanization and industrialization has affected trace elements in New York City (NYC) soils. Selected NYC pedons were analyzed by aqua regia microwave digestion and sequential chemical extraction as follows: water soluble (WS); exchangeable (EX); specifically sorbed/carbonate bound (SS/CAR); oxide-bound (OX); organic/sulfide bound (OM/S). Soils showed a range in properties (e.g., pH 3.9 to 7.4). Sum of total extractable (SUMTE) trace elements was higher in NYC parks compared to Bronx River watershed sites. NYC surface horizons showed higher total extractable (TE) levels compared to US non-anthropogenic soils. TE levels increased over 10 year in some of the relatively undisturbed and mostly wooded park sites. Surface horizons of park sites with long-term anthropogenic inputs showed elevated TE levels vs. subsurface horizons. Conversely, some Bronx River watershed soils showed increased concentrations with depth, reflective of their formation in a thick mantle of construction debris increasing with depth and intermingled with anthrotransported soil materials. Short-range variability was evident in primary pedons and satellite samples (e.g., Pb 253 ± 143 mg/kg). Long-range variability was indicated by PbTE (348 versus 156 mg/kg) and HgTE (1 versus 0.3 mg/kg) concentrations varying several-fold in the same soil but in different geographic locations. Relative predominance of fractions: RES (37 %) > SS/CAR (22 %) > OX (20 %) > OM/S (10 %) > EX (7 %) > WS (4 %). WS and EX fractions were greatest for Hg (7 %) and Cd (14 %), respectively. RES was predominant fraction for Co, Cr, Ni, and Zn (41 to 51 %); SS/CAR for Cd and Pb (40 and 63 %); OM/S for Cu and Hg (36 and 37 %); and OX for As (59 %).
城市化和工业化的悠久历史影响了纽约市（NYC）土壤中的微量元素。采用王水微波消解和连续化学提取法对选定的 NYC 土系进行了分析，具体分为以下几种：水溶态（WS）；交换态（EX）；特定吸附/碳酸盐结合态（SS/CAR）；氧化态（OX）；有机/硫化物结合态（OM/S）。这些土壤的性质存在一定的差异（例如，pH 值为 3.9 至 7.4）。与 Bronx River 流域站点相比，NYC 公园土壤中可提取的（SUMTE）微量元素总量更高。与美国非人为土壤相比，NYC 表层土壤的总可提取量（TE）水平更高。在一些相对未受干扰且主要为林地的公园场地中，TE 水平在 10 年内有所增加。具有长期人为投入的公园场地的表层土壤的 TE 水平高于亚表层土壤。相反，一些 Bronx River 流域土壤的浓度随深度增加而增加，这反映了它们在建筑碎片的厚覆盖层中形成，随深度增加而增加，并与人为传输的土壤材料混合。主要土系和卫星样本中存在明显的短程变异性（例如，Pb 为 253 ± 143 mg/kg）。PbTE（348 与 156 mg/kg）和 HgTE（1 与 0.3 mg/kg）浓度在同一土壤中相差数倍，而在不同地理位置则表明存在长程变异性。各部分相对优势：RES（37%）>SS/CAR（22%）>OX（20%）>OM/S（10%）>EX（7%）>WS（4%）。WS 和 EX 部分的 Hg（7%）和 Cd（14%）含量最高。RES 是 Co、Cr、Ni 和 Zn（41% 至 51%）的主要部分；SS/CAR 是 Cd 和 Pb（40% 和 63%）的主要部分；OM/S 是 Cu 和 Hg（36% 和 37%）的主要部分；OX 是 As（59%）的主要部分。
