Castellanos Francisco Xavier, Cortese Samuele, Proal Erika
Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, Child Study Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, One Park Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA,
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2014;16:49-77. doi: 10.1007/7854_2013_244.
The connectivity of neuronal systems is their most fundamental characteristic. Here, we focus on recent developments in understanding structural and functional connectivity at the macroscale, which is accessible with current imaging technology. Structural connectivity is examined via diffusion weighted imaging methods, of which diffusion tensor imaging is the most frequently used. Many cross-sectional and an increasing number of longitudinal studies using diffusion tensor imaging have been recently conducted over the period of development starting with newborns. Functional connectivity has been studied through task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging, and increasingly through studies on task-free functional imaging, also known as resting state functional imaging. The study of intrinsic functional connectivity beginning during fetal life reveals the developmental organization of intrinsic connectivity networks such as the default mode network, the dorsal attention network, the frontal-parietal executive control network, as well as primary cortical networks. As methods of examining both structural and functional connectivity mature, they increasingly inform our understanding of the development of connectivity in service of the long-term goal of delineating the substrates of much of developmental psychopathology.
神经元系统的连通性是其最基本的特征。在此，我们聚焦于宏观层面上理解结构和功能连通性的最新进展，这是当前成像技术能够实现的。通过扩散加权成像方法来研究结构连通性，其中扩散张量成像最为常用。从新生儿开始，在发育过程中近期已经开展了许多使用扩散张量成像的横断面研究以及越来越多的纵向研究。功能连通性已通过基于任务的功能磁共振成像进行研究，并且越来越多地通过对无任务功能成像（也称为静息态功能成像）的研究来进行。始于胎儿期的内在功能连通性研究揭示了内在连通性网络的发育组织，如默认模式网络、背侧注意网络、额顶叶执行控制网络以及初级皮层网络。随着检查结构和功能连通性的方法不断成熟，它们越来越有助于我们理解连通性的发育，以实现描绘许多发育性精神病理学基础这一长期目标。
