Bruck J C
Martin-Luther-Krankenhaus, Plastische Chirurgie, Berlin.
Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 2013 Aug;45(4):202-6. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1323690. Epub 2013 Aug 22.
Gender alignment surgery was introduced into German law in 1981. Judicial guidelines for the change of first names and gender were established and transsexuality was labelled as a psychosomatic and somatopsychic syndrome and disorder, thus opening the way for treatment to the social health-care under well-defined conditions requesting cross-dressing and hormone therapy as well as psychological counselling by 2 independent psychologists or psychiatrists. In a retrospective, chart-related survey of questionnaires on male to female transsexuals it was found that patients start to suspect being born into the wrong gender at the onset of puberty, it takes them however approximately 20 years to have gender alignment surgery. More than half the patients are single at this time, while the remaining group is married or divorced with equal rates. 68% regard themselves as heterosexual, 21% lesbian and 11% were undecided. About half the patients experienced support by their families for their decision. Despite numerous secondary corrections of the surgical alignment, patients were content with the result, although emotional acceptance of the desired result took about one year. In general plastic surgical gender alignment treatment was perceived as the major contribution to harmonise their phenotype with their identity.
性别重置手术于1981年被纳入德国法律。制定了更改名字和性别的司法准则，变性欲被认定为一种身心和心身综合征及障碍，从而为在明确规定的条件下接受社会医疗保健治疗开辟了道路，这些条件要求进行易装和激素治疗，以及由两名独立的心理学家或精神科医生提供心理咨询。在一项对男变女变性者的问卷进行的回顾性图表相关调查中发现，患者在青春期开始时就开始怀疑自己出生时性别有误，然而他们大约需要20年才能进行性别重置手术。此时超过一半的患者单身，其余群体结婚或离婚的比例相同。68%的人认为自己是异性恋，21%是女同性恋，11%不确定。约一半的患者在做出决定时得到了家人的支持。尽管手术矫正进行了多次二次修正，但患者对结果感到满意，不过对理想结果的情感接受大约需要一年时间。总体而言，整形手术性别重置治疗被视为使他们的外表与身份相协调的主要贡献。
