Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, CHU de Québec-L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 10 McMahon, Québec, QC G1R 3S1, Canada.
Nat Rev Urol. 2013 Sep;10(9):537-45. doi: 10.1038/nrurol.2013.153. Epub 2013 Aug 27.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have an important role in the activation of both innate and adaptive immunity in response to pathogens and danger signals. These receptors are expressed in immune cells and in some epithelia. They are expressed in the epithelium of the urinary bladder, where they actively participate in the fight against infection by uropathogens. TLR expression is decreased (although still evident) in bladder tumours, especially in non-muscle-invasive tumours. Intravesical immunotherapy with BCG to prevent recurrence of these tumours has been shown to involve the participation of three different TLRs (TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9). However, alternative therapies are needed as BCG fails in some patients and can sometimes cause severe adverse effects that are difficult to tolerate. In recent years, TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9 agonists have been tested in vitro and in vivo for their ability to activate an antitumour immune response against bladder cancer. Promising results from these studies have led to the testing of TLR7 and TLR9 agonists in clinical trials.
Toll 样受体 (TLRs) 在对病原体和危险信号的先天和适应性免疫激活中具有重要作用。这些受体在免疫细胞和一些上皮细胞中表达。它们在上皮细胞中的膀胱表达，在那里它们积极参与对抗尿路病原体的感染。膀胱癌中 TLR 的表达减少（尽管仍然明显），尤其是在非肌肉浸润性肿瘤中。用卡介苗进行膀胱内免疫治疗以预防这些肿瘤的复发已被证明涉及三种不同 TLR（TLR2、TLR4 和 TLR9）的参与。然而，需要替代疗法，因为卡介苗在某些患者中无效，有时会引起难以忍受的严重不良反应。近年来，TLR2、TLR4、TLR7 和 TLR9 激动剂已在体外和体内进行测试，以评估其激活针对膀胱癌的抗肿瘤免疫反应的能力。这些研究的有希望结果导致了 TLR7 和 TLR9 激动剂在临床试验中的测试。
