Environmental Toxicology, Technology and Management Program, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand.
J Environ Sci Health B. 2013;48(11):974-82. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2013.816606.
Jatropha seed cake contains high amounts of protein and other nutrients, however it has a drawback due to toxic compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the methods applied to detoxify the main toxin, phorbol esters in jatropha seed cake, to a safe and acceptable level by maintaining the nutritional values. Phorbol esters are tetracyclic diterpenoids-polycyclic compounds that are known as tumor promoters and hence exhibited the toxicity within a broad range of species. Mismanagement of the jatropha waste from jatropha oil industries would lead to contamination of the environment, affecting living organisms and human health through the food chain, so several methods were tested for reducing the toxicity of the seed cake. The results from this investigation showed that heat treatments at either 120°C or 220°C for 1 hour and then mixing with adsorbing bentonite (10%), nanoparticles of zinc oxide (100 μg/g) plus NaHCO3 at 4%, followed by a 4-week incubation period yielded the best final product. The remaining phorbol esters concentration (0.05-0.04 mg/g) from this treatment was less than that reported for the nontoxic jatropha varieties (0.11-0.27 mg/g). Nutritional values of the seed cake after treatment remained at the same levels found in the control group and these values were crude protein (20.47-21.40 + 0.17-0.25%), crude lipid (14.27-14.68 + 0.13-0.14%) and crude fiber (27.33-29.67 + 0.58%). A cytotoxicity test conducted using L929 and normal human dermal fibroblast cell lines confirmed that most of the toxic compounds, especially phorbol esters, were shown as completely eliminated. The results suggested that the detoxification of phorbol esters residues in the jatropha seed cake was possible while it also retained nutritional values. Therefore, the methods to detoxify phorbol esters are necessary to minimize the toxicity of jatropha seed cake. Further, it is essential to reduce the possible environmental impacts that may be generated throughout the jatropha waste-handling process. However additional tests such as digestibility as well as acceptability of the treated jatropha seed cake should be conducted using both in vivo and in vitro studies before recommending the jatropha seed cake as a source of renewable animal feed and other value-added products.
麻疯树饼粕含有丰富的蛋白质和其他营养物质，但由于含有有毒化合物，因此存在缺点。本研究的目的是通过保持营养价值，研究脱毒麻疯树饼粕中主要毒素——巴豆醇二酯的方法，将其降低到安全和可接受的水平。巴豆醇二酯是四环二萜类——多环化合物，已知是肿瘤促进剂，因此在广泛的物种中表现出毒性。麻疯树油产业的麻疯树废物管理不善，将导致环境受到污染，通过食物链影响生物和人类健康，因此已经测试了几种降低饼粕毒性的方法。本研究结果表明，在 120°C 或 220°C 下加热 1 小时，然后与吸附膨润土（10%）、纳米氧化锌（100μg/g）和碳酸氢钠（4%）混合，然后进行 4 周的孵育期，得到的最终产品效果最佳。经过处理后，饼粕中残留的巴豆醇二酯浓度（0.05-0.04mg/g）低于非毒性麻疯树品种报告的浓度（0.11-0.27mg/g）。处理后的饼粕营养值保持在对照组发现的水平，这些值为粗蛋白（20.47-21.40+0.17-0.25%）、粗脂肪（14.27-14.68+0.13-0.14%）和粗纤维（27.33-29.67+0.58%）。使用 L929 和正常人皮肤成纤维细胞系进行的细胞毒性试验证实，大部分有毒化合物，特别是巴豆醇二酯，被证明完全消除。结果表明，在保留营养价值的同时，麻疯树饼粕中巴豆醇二酯残留物的脱毒是可能的。因此，有必要采用脱毒方法去除麻疯树饼粕中的巴豆醇二酯残留，以最大限度地降低麻疯树饼粕的毒性。此外，必须减少在麻疯树废物处理过程中可能产生的潜在环境影响。然而，在推荐麻疯树饼粕作为可再生动物饲料和其他增值产品的来源之前，应该使用体内和体外研究进一步进行可消化性和可接受性测试。
