UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at CRCN, Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI, ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau (LCFC), Erasme Hospital, ULB, Brussels, Belgium.
J Sleep Res. 2014 Feb;23(1):44-52. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12082. Epub 2013 Sep 7.
Although a beneficial role of post-training sleep for declarative memory has been consistently evidenced in children, as in adults, available data suggest that procedural memory consolidation does not benefit from sleep in children. However, besides the absence of performance gains in children, sleep-dependent plasticity processes involved in procedural memory consolidation might be expressed through differential interference effects on the learning of novel but related procedural material. To test this hypothesis, 32 10-12-year-old children were trained on a motor rotation adaptation task. After either a sleep or a wake period, they were first retested on the same rotation applied at learning, thus assessing offline sleep-dependent changes in performance, then on the opposite (unlearned) rotation to assess sleep-dependent modulations in proactive interference coming from the consolidated visuomotor memory trace. Results show that children gradually improve performance over the learning session, showing effective adaptation to the imposed rotation. In line with previous findings, no sleep-dependent changes in performance were observed for the learned rotation. However, presentation of the opposite, unlearned deviation elicited significantly higher interference effects after post-training sleep than wakefulness in children. Considering that a definite feature of procedural motor memory and skill acquisition is the implementation of highly automatized motor behaviour, thus lacking flexibility, our results suggest a better integration and/or automation or motor adaptation skills after post-training sleep, eventually resulting in higher proactive interference effects on untrained material.
虽然在儿童中，与成年人一样，有证据表明后训练睡眠对陈述性记忆有益，但现有数据表明，程序性记忆巩固在儿童中并不受益于睡眠。然而，除了儿童在表现上没有提高之外，涉及程序性记忆巩固的睡眠依赖可塑性过程可能通过对新的但相关程序性材料学习的不同干扰效应来表达。为了检验这一假设，32 名 10-12 岁的儿童接受了一项运动旋转适应任务的训练。在睡眠或清醒期后，他们首先在相同的旋转应用于学习时进行重新测试，从而评估离线睡眠依赖性性能变化，然后在相反的（未学习的）旋转上进行测试，以评估来自巩固的视动记忆痕迹的主动干扰的睡眠依赖性调制。结果表明，儿童在学习过程中逐渐提高表现，表现出对施加的旋转的有效适应。与之前的发现一致，对于学习的旋转，没有观察到睡眠依赖性的性能变化。然而，在儿童中，在训练后睡眠后呈现相反的、未学习的偏差会引起明显更高的干扰效应，而不是在清醒时。考虑到程序性运动记忆和技能获取的一个明确特征是实施高度自动化的运动行为，因此缺乏灵活性，我们的结果表明，在训练后睡眠后，运动适应技能的整合和/或自动化程度更高，最终对未训练材料产生更高的主动干扰效应。
