Nireas, International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Jan 15;468-469:19-27. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.027. Epub 2013 Sep 4.
The presence of pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquatic environments has become a health threat in the last few years. Their presence has increased due to the presence of antibiotics in wastewater effluents, which are not efficiently removed by conventional wastewater treatments. As a result there is a need to study the possible ways of removal of the mixtures of antibiotics present in wastewater effluents and the antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which may also spread the antibiotic resistance genes to other bacterial populations. In this study the degradation of a mixture of antibiotics i.e. sulfamethoxazole and clarithromycin, the disinfection of total enterococci and the removal of those resistant to: a) sulfamethoxazole, b) clarithromycin and c) to both antibiotics have been examined, along with the toxicity of the whole effluent mixture after treatment to the luminescent aquatic bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Solar Fenton treatment (natural solar driven oxidation) using Fenton reagent doses of 50 mg L(-1) of hydrogen peroxide and 5 mg L(-1) of Fe(3+) in a pilot-scale compound parabolic collector plant was used to examine the disinfection and antibiotic resistance removal efficiency in different aqueous matrices, namely distilled water, simulated and real wastewater effluents. There was a faster complete removal of enterococci and of antibiotics in all aqueous matrices by applying solar Fenton when compared to photolytic treatment of the matrices. Sulfamethoxazole was more efficiently degraded than clarithromycin in all three aqueous matrices (95% removal of sulfamethoxazole and 70% removal of clarithromycin in real wastewater). The antibiotic resistance of enterococci towards both antibiotics exhibited a 5-log reduction with solar Fenton in real wastewater effluent. Also after solar Fenton treatment, there were 10 times more antibiotic-resistant enterococci in the presence of sulfamethoxazole than in the presence of clarithromycin. Finally, the toxicity of the treated wastewater to V. fischeri remained very low throughout the treatment time.
在过去的几年中，水生环境中存在的致病性抗生素耐药细菌已成为健康威胁。由于废水中存在抗生素，而传统的废水处理方法无法有效去除抗生素，因此这些细菌的数量有所增加。因此，需要研究去除废水中存在的抗生素混合物和抗生素耐药细菌的可能方法，因为这些细菌可能会将抗生素耐药基因传播给其他细菌种群。在这项研究中，考察了磺胺甲恶唑和克拉霉素的混合物的降解、总肠球菌的消毒以及对以下三种抗生素的耐药性的去除：a)磺胺甲恶唑、b)克拉霉素和 c)两种抗生素的耐药性的去除，同时还考察了处理后整个废水混合物对发光水生细菌费氏弧菌的毒性。使用 50 mg/L 过氧化氢和 5 mg/L Fe(3+)的芬顿试剂剂量，在中试规模的复合抛物面集热器装置中进行了太阳芬顿处理（自然太阳驱动氧化），以考察不同水基质（即蒸馏水、模拟废水和实际废水）中的消毒和抗生素耐药性去除效率。与水基质的光解处理相比，在所有水基质中，太阳芬顿处理更快地完全去除肠球菌和抗生素。在所有三种水基质中，磺胺甲恶唑的降解效率都高于克拉霉素（实际废水中磺胺甲恶唑的去除率为 95%，克拉霉素的去除率为 70%）。在实际废水处理中，肠球菌对两种抗生素的耐药性经太阳芬顿处理后下降了 5 个对数级。此外，经太阳芬顿处理后，磺胺甲恶唑存在时的耐药性肠球菌数量是克拉霉素存在时的 10 倍。最后，处理后的废水对 V. fischeri 的毒性在整个处理过程中一直保持非常低的水平。
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