Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, 20000, Sri Lanka.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2013 Nov;152(3):333-44. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22351. Epub 2013 Sep 11.
There is a paucity of information on body composition and fat patterning in wild nonhuman primates. Dissected adipose tissue from wild toque macaques (Macaca sinica) (WTM), feeding on a natural diet, accounted for 2.1% of body weight. This was far less than fatness reported for nonhuman primates raised in captivity or for contemporary humans. In WTM, fatness increased with age and diet richness, but did not differ by sex. In WTM (none of which were obese) intra-abdominal fat filled first, and "excess" fat was stored peripherally in a ratio of about 6:1. Intermuscular fat was minimal (0.1%). The superficial paunch held <15% of subcutaneous fat weight in contrast to its much larger proportions in obese humans and captive monkeys where most added fat accumulates subcutaneously. With increasing total adiposity, accumulating fat shifted in its distribution among eight different main internal and peripheral deposit areas-consistent with maintaining body balance and a low center of gravity. The available data suggest that, in arboreal primates, adaptations for agile locomotion and terminal branch feeding set constraints on the quantity and distribution of fat. The absence of a higher percentage of body fat in females and neonates (as are typical of humans) suggests that arboreal adaptations preclude the development of fat-dependent, large-brained infants and the adipose-rich mothers needed to sustain them. The lifestyle and body composition of wild primates represent a more appropriate model for early human foragers than well-fed captive monkeys do.
关于野生非人灵长类动物的身体成分和脂肪分布模式，信息十分匮乏。从以自然饮食为食的野生白头叶猴（Macaca sinica）（WTM）中解剖出的脂肪组织占体重的 2.1%。这远低于圈养或当代人类中非人灵长类动物的肥胖程度。在 WTM 中，肥胖程度随年龄和饮食丰富度的增加而增加，但与性别无关。在 WTM 中（没有肥胖者），内脏脂肪首先堆积，“多余”的脂肪以约 6:1 的比例储存在外周。肌肉间脂肪很少（0.1%）。浅层腹部只容纳不到 15%的皮下脂肪重量，与肥胖人类和圈养猴子形成鲜明对比，肥胖人类和圈养猴子的大部分新增脂肪都储存在皮下。随着总脂肪量的增加，积累的脂肪在八个不同的主要内部和外部沉积区域中的分布发生了变化——这与保持身体平衡和重心低有关。现有数据表明，在树栖灵长类动物中，适应灵活的运动和末端分支觅食的能力限制了脂肪的数量和分布。雌性和新生儿体内脂肪百分比没有更高（如人类典型情况），这表明树栖适应阻止了依赖脂肪的大脑较大的婴儿和需要维持他们的富含脂肪的母亲的发展。野生灵长类动物的生活方式和身体成分代表了一个比营养良好的圈养猴子更适合早期人类觅食者的模型。
