Alawi Faizan
Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, Room 328B, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6002, USA.
Dent Clin North Am. 2013 Oct;57(4):699-710. doi: 10.1016/j.cden.2013.07.006. Epub 2013 Aug 15.
Oral pigmentation may be focal, multifocal, or diffuse. The lesions may be blue, purple, brown, gray, or black. They may be macular or tumefactive. Some are localized harmless accumulations of melanin, hemosiderin, or exogenous metal; others are harbingers of systemic or genetic disease; and some can be associated with life-threatening medical conditions that require immediate intervention. The differential diagnosis for any pigmented lesion is extensive, and can include examples of endogenous and exogenous pigmentation. Although biopsy is a helpful and necessary aid in the diagnosis of focally pigmented lesions, with diffuse presentations lesions require a thorough history and laboratory studies to establish a definitive diagnosis.
口腔色素沉着可能是局灶性、多灶性或弥漫性的。病变可能呈蓝色、紫色、棕色、灰色或黑色。它们可能是斑片状或肿块状的。有些是黑色素、含铁血黄素或外源性金属的局部无害积聚；其他的则是系统性或遗传性疾病的先兆；还有一些可能与需要立即干预的危及生命的医疗状况相关。任何色素沉着病变的鉴别诊断范围都很广，可能包括内源性和外源性色素沉着的例子。虽然活检对诊断局灶性色素沉着病变有帮助且必要，但对于弥漫性表现的病变，需要详细的病史和实验室检查来明确诊断。
