US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH, USA.
J Hazard Mater. 2013 Nov 15;262:228-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.08.045. Epub 2013 Aug 28.
The insensitive high-explosive PAX-21 was the first of its kind fielded in an artillery munition by the United States military. This formulation contains three main components: RDX, dinitroanisole, and ammonium perchlorate (AP). In March 2012, detonation tests were conducted on PAX-21 60mm mortar rounds to determine the energetic residues resulting from high-order and blow-in-place (BIP) detonations. Post-detonation residues were sampled and analyzed for the three main PAX-21 components. Concentrations of RDX and dinitroanisole in the samples were quite low, less than 0.1% of the munitions' original organic explosive filler mass, indicating high order or near high order detonations. However, disproportionately high concentrations of AP occurred in all residues. The residues averaged 15% of the original AP following high-order detonations and 38% of the original AP mass following the BIP operations. There was no correlation between AP residues and the RDX and dinitroanisole. Perchlorate readily leached from the detonation residues, with over 99% contained in the aqueous portion of the samples. Use of these rounds will result in billions of liters of water contaminated above drinking water perchlorate limits. As a result of this research, PAX-21 mortar rounds are currently restricted from use on US training ranges.
钝感高爆炸药 PAX-21 是美国军方首次在火炮弹药中使用的同类产品。这种配方包含三种主要成分：RDX、二硝基苯甲醚和高氯酸铵（AP）。2012 年 3 月，对 PAX-21 60 毫米迫击炮弹进行了爆炸测试，以确定高次和爆炸填装（BIP）爆炸产生的能量残留物。对爆炸后的残留物进行了采样，并对 PAX-21 的三种主要成分进行了分析。样品中 RDX 和二硝基苯甲醚的浓度非常低，不到弹药原始有机爆炸填充物质量的 0.1%，表明是高次或接近高次爆炸。然而，所有残留物中都出现了不成比例的高浓度 AP。高次爆炸后，残留物平均占原始 AP 的 15%，BIP 操作后占原始 AP 质量的 38%。AP 残留物与 RDX 和二硝基苯甲醚之间没有相关性。高氯酸盐很容易从爆炸残留物中浸出，样品中超过 99%的高氯酸盐都存在于水相部分。使用这些炮弹将导致数十亿升的水受到饮用水中高氯酸盐限制的污染。由于这项研究，PAX-21 迫击炮弹目前被限制在美国训练场上使用。
