Phylogenetic relationships of the operculate land snail genus Cyclophorus Montfort, 1810 in Thailand.

Operculate land snails of the genus Cyclophorus are distributed widely in sub-tropical and tropical Asia. Shell morphology is traditionally used for species identification in Cyclophorus but their shells exhibit considerable variation both within and between populations; species limits have been extremely difficult to determine and are poorly understood. Many currently recognized species have discontinuous distributions over large ranges but geographical barriers and low mobility of snails are likely to have led to long periods of isolation resulting in cryptic speciation of allopatric populations. As a contribution towards solving these problems, we reconstructed the molecular phylogeny of 87 Cyclophorus specimens, representing 29 nominal species (of which one was represented by four subspecies), plus three related out-group species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses were used to investigate geographic limits and speciation scenarios. The analyses of COI, 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA gene fragments were performed using neighbour-joining (NJ), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. All the obtained phylogenetic trees were congruent with each other and in most cases confirmed the species level classification. However, at least three nominate species were polyphyletic. Both C. fulguratus and C. volvulus appear to be species complexes, suggesting that populations of these species from different geographical areas of Thailand are cryptic species. C. aurantiacus pernobilis is distinct and likely to be a different species from the other members of the C. aurantiacus species complex.