Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013 Nov;97(21):9277-90. doi: 10.1007/s00253-013-5221-2.
Autophagy is a tightly controlled degradation process in which eukaryotic cells digest their own cytoplasm containing protein complexes and organelles in the vacuole or lysosome. Two types of autophagy have been described: macroautophagy and microautophagy. Both types can be further divided into nonselective and selective processes. Molecular analysis of autophagy over the last two decades has mostly used the unicellular ascomycetes Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris. Genetic analysis in these yeasts has identified 36 autophagy-related (atg) genes; many are conserved in all eukaryotes, including filamentous ascomycetes. However, the autophagic machinery also evolved significant differences in fungi, as a consequence of adaptation to diverse fungal lifestyles. Intensive studies on autophagy in the last few years have shown that autophagy in filamentous fungi is not only involved in nutrient homeostasis but in other cellular processes such as cell differentiation, pathogenicity and secondary metabolite production. This mini-review focuses on the specific roles of autophagy in filamentous fungi.
自噬是一种受到严格调控的降解过程，真核细胞在液泡或溶酶体中消化自身含有的蛋白复合物和细胞器。已描述了两种类型的自噬：巨自噬和微自噬。这两种类型可以进一步分为非选择性和选择性过程。过去二十年对自噬的分子分析主要使用单细胞子囊菌酿酒酵母和毕赤酵母。在这些酵母中的遗传分析已经鉴定出 36 种自噬相关(atg)基因；其中许多在所有真核生物中都保守，包括丝状子囊菌。然而，由于适应不同的真菌生活方式，自噬机制在真菌中也进化出了显著的差异。过去几年对自噬的深入研究表明，丝状真菌中的自噬不仅参与营养稳态，还参与其他细胞过程，如细胞分化、致病性和次生代谢产物的产生。本综述重点介绍了自噬在丝状真菌中的特定作用。
