Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands.
Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011 Jun;14(11):2271-87. doi: 10.1089/ars.2010.3528. Epub 2010 Dec 17.
Autophagy (macroautophagy) is a bulk degradative pathway by which cytoplasmic components are delivered to the vacuole for recycling. This process is conserved from yeast to human, where it is implicated in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. During the last decade, many ATG genes involved in autophagy have been identified, initially in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This review summarizes the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of autophagy using yeast as model system. Although many of the core components involved in autophagy are conserved from yeast to human, there are, nevertheless, significant differences between these organisms, for example, during autophagy initiation. Autophagy also plays an essential role in filamentous fungi especially during differentiation. Remarkably, in these species autophagy may reflect features of both yeast and mammals. This is exemplified by the finding that filamentous fungi lack the S. cerevisiae clade-specific Atg31 protein, but contain Atg101, which is absent in this clade. A reappraisal of genome data further suggests that, similar to yeast and mammals, filamentous fungi probably also contain two distinct phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complexes. This review also summarizes the state of knowledge on the role of autophagy in filamentous fungi during differentiation, such as pathogenic development, programmed cell death during heteroincompatibility, and spore formation.
自噬（大自噬）是一种批量降解途径，通过该途径将细胞质成分递送至液泡进行回收。这个过程从酵母到人类都很保守，在癌症和神经退行性疾病中都有涉及。在过去的十年中，许多参与自噬的 ATG 基因已被鉴定出来，最初是在酿酒酵母中。本综述使用酵母作为模型系统总结了自噬分子机制的知识。尽管自噬中涉及的许多核心成分在酵母到人类中都保守，但这些生物之间仍然存在显著差异，例如在自噬起始时。自噬在丝状真菌中也起着至关重要的作用，特别是在分化过程中。值得注意的是，在这些物种中，自噬可能反映了酵母和哺乳动物的特征。这一点可以通过发现丝状真菌缺乏酿酒酵母特有的 Atg31 蛋白，但含有在该分支中不存在的 Atg101 来证明。对基因组数据的重新评估进一步表明，类似于酵母和哺乳动物，丝状真菌可能也含有两个不同的磷脂酰肌醇 3-激酶复合物。本综述还总结了自噬在丝状真菌分化过程中的作用，如致病性发育、异质相容性编程性细胞死亡和孢子形成。
